MACMILLAN'S 


LATIN  COURSE 


.  .gOOK,  M.A, 


iC^N    EDITION 
EGBERT,  JR.,  PH,D. 


A  r, 

^j,        .  .  •-    >  'y 


LIB  RARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OP  CALIFORNIA. 

OK 


^     Accessions  No. J4?vv~^.      ^/n^y  ^vi/., -w .<----- 
Cfr C<~H'     ^O 


SHORTER  LATIN   COURSE 


MACMILLAN'S 

SHORTER  LATIN  COURSE 


BY 

A.   M.   COOK,   M.A. 

ASSISTANT  MASTER  IN  ST.  PAUL'S  SCHOOL 


REVISED  AND  ENLARGED  FOR   THE   USE  OF 
AMERICAN  SCHOOLS 

BY  J.  C.  EGBERT,  JR.,  PH.D. 
INSTRUCTOR  IN  LATIN,  COLUMBIA  COLLEGE 


W17IIISXTT 


If  orfe 
MACMILLAN    AND    CO, 

AND     LONDON 
1892 


COPYRIGHT,  1892, 
BY  MACMILLAN   AND   CO. 


TYPOGRAPHY  BY  J.  S.  GUSHING  &  Co.,  BOSTON,  U.S.A. 
PRESSWORK  BY  BERWICK  &  SMITH,  BOSTON,  U.S.A. 


mzo? 


PREFACE. 


IT  has  been  shown  by  experience  that  elementary 
Latin  books,  to  accomplish  their  purpose,  must  pre- 
sent the  fundamental  principles  of  the  language  and 
its  system  of  inflections  in  the  simplest  and  clearest 
form.  They  must  also  provide  abundant  means  for 
the  application  of  these  principles  and  for  practice  in 
the  use  of  inflected  forms.  With  these  characteristics 
there  must  be  combined  a  natural  and  attractive  de- 
velopment, so  that  difficulties  may  be  readily  over- 
come by  reason  of  the  very  method  in  which  they  are 
approached. 

It  is  believed  that  the  present  work  in  its  revised 
and  enlarged  form  possesses  these  qualifications  in  an 
unusually  large  degree.  The  design  has  been  to  give 
only  essential  grammatical  information,  with  the  larg- 
est opportunity  for  practice.  Attention  is  called  to 
the  selections  for  translation,  inserted  even  in  the 
early  pages  of  the  work.  These  narratives  arouse  the 
interest  of  the  pupil,  and  neutralize  whatever  is  detri- 
mental in  the  fragmentary  presentation  of  the  lan- 
guage in  the  short  sentences. 

v 


vi  Preface. 

The  American  editor  is  responsible  for  the  follow- 
ing: The  Introduction;  the  additional  pages  upon 
the  Subjunctive  Mood;  the  revision  of  paradigms 
in  the  main  portion  of  the  book  and  the  paradigms 
of  the  verbs  in  the  supplement;  the  indications  of 
long  vowels ;  a  few  changes  in  orthography,  such  as 
transUio  for  transsilio,  conicio  for  conjicio,  quotiens 
for  quoties. 

Few  students  when  entering  college  are  found  to 
possess  the  ability  to  pronounce  and  read  Latin  with 
correctness  or  fluency.  The  suggestion  is  therefore 
made  and  emphasized  that  at  the  very  beginning  the 
pupil  be  required  to  read  the  Latin  before  any  trans- 
lation is  given,  and  that  reviews  be  conducted  entirely 
in  Latin.  The  great  object  to  be  aimed  at  is  that  the 
pupil  should  think  in  the  Latin.  The  full  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  Eoman  method,  with  careful  observance  of 
quantity,  will  be  found  to  be  a  most  valuable  addition 

to  elementary  work. 

J.  C.  E. 
NEW  YORK,  1892. 


CONTENTS. 


Introduction  — 

Pronunciation ;  Quantity  and  Accent      .        .        .  1-5 

SECT. 

1.  First  Declension:  Singular         .....  6 

2.  The  Accusative  Case 6 

3.  First  Declension:  Singular  (continued)       ...  8 

4.  First  Declension :  Plural      ......  8 

5.  Second  Declension :  Nouns  in  -us       ....  10 

6.  Second  Declension  :  Neuter  Nouns      ....  12 

7.  Second  Declension :  Ad  jectives  in  -us  -a  -urn:  Singular  13 

8.  Second  Declension :  Adjectives  in  -us  -a  -urn :  Plural  15 

9.  Second  Declension :  Nouns  in  -er        ....  16 

10.  Est  — Sunt 18 

TRANSLATION  I.     A  Letter  of  a  Father  to  his  Boy  at 

School 19 

TRANSLATION    II.    Romulus  and  Remus      ...  20 

TRANSLATION  III.    The  Black  Slave     ....  20 

11.  Third  Declension:   Case-Endings       ....  20 

12.  The  Gender  shown  by  Meaning 22 

TRANSLATION  IV.   A  Fable 25 

13.  The  Stem 25 

14. 'Genitive  Plural 27 

15.  Genitive  Plural  (continued) 29 

TRANSLATION  V.   Coriolanus 31 

16.  Endings  of  Neuter  Nouns 31 

17.  Endings  of  Neuter  Nouns  (continued)         ...  33 
TRANSLATION  VI.  Theseus  and  Ariadne     ...  34 

18.  Gender  of  Nouns  by  Termination  :  The  Masculine  Rule  35 
TRANSLATION  VII.  A  Surprise 37 

vii 


viii  •  Contents. 

SECT.  PAGE 

19.  The  Feminine  Kule 38 

TRANSLATION  VIII.  The  Roman  Army  fights  a  Serpent  40 

20.  The  Neuter  Rule 41 

21.  The  Neuter  Rule  (continued) 42 

TRANSLATION  IX.   A  Battle    , 44 

22.  Exceptions  to  these  Gender  Rules        ....  44 

23.  Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension      ....  46 

24.  Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension  (continued)          .  48 

25.  Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension  (continued)          .  50 
TRANSLATION  X.   A  Roman  Account  of  Britain           .  52 
Recapitulatory  Exercises  —  A-D          ....  53 

26.  Fourth  Declension 55 

27.  Fourth  Declension :  Neuter  Nouns      ....  56 

28.  Fourth  Declension :  Domus         .....  57 

29.  Fifth  Declension 59 

TRANSLATION  XI.   A  Ghost 60 

30.  Comparison  of  Adjectives:  Comparative  ...  61 

31.  Comparison  of  Adjectives:  Superlative      ...  63 
TRANSLATION  XII.   Arminius       .....  65 

32.  Comparison  of  Adjectives:  Superlative  (continued)  .  65 

33.  Irregular  Comparison 67 

TRANSLATION  XIII.   Ixion,  Sisyphus,  and  Tantalus  .  68 

34.  Cardinal  Numerals 69 

35.  Ordinal  Numerals 72 

TRANSLATION  XIV.   Dates  in  Early  English  History  .  73 

36.  The  Verb  :  Esse 74 

37.  The  Verb  :  Esse  (continued) 75 

38.  The  Verb  :  Esse  (continued) 77 

TRANSLATIONS  XV.,  XVI.   Bannockburn     ...  79 

39.  Pronouns:  Ego,  Tu,  Se 80 

40.  Pronouns:  Hie,  Ille 82 

41.  Pronouns:  Is,  Idem     .......  84 

42.  Pronouns:  Ipse,  Iste 86 

43.  Irregular  Adjectives  :   Totus,  Alius      ....  88 

44.  Irregular  Adjectives :   Uter,  Alter        ....  90 

45.  Pronouns:  Qui,  Quis  ....:..  92 


Contents.  ix 

SECT.  PAGE 

TRANSLATION  XVII.  Ulysses  and  Polyphemus  —  I.   .  94 

Recapitulatory  Exercises  —  E-I 94 

46.  Verbs :  Active,  Indicative :  First  Conjugation    .        .  97 

47.  Verbs :  Active,  Indicative :  First  Conjugation  (contd.)  98 

48.  Verbs  :  Active,  Indicative :  First  Conjugation  (contd.)  100 

49.  Verbs :  Active,  Imperative,  Infinitive :  First  Conju- 

gation       •      .        .        .      *  .  101 

TRANSLATION  XVIII.   Ulysses  and  Polyphemus  —  II.  102 

50.  Second  Conjugation 103 

51.  Second  Conjugation  (continued)          ....  104 
TRANSLATION  XIX.   Ulysses  and  Polyphemus  —  III. .  105 

52.  Third  Conjugation        .        .        .        .        .        .        .106 

53.  Third  Conjugation  (continued) 108 

TRANSLATION  XX.   Ulysses  and  Polyphemus  —  IV.    .  109 

54.  Fourth  Conjugation 110 

55.  Fourth  Conjugation  (continued)           .        .        .        .112 
TRANSLATION    XXI.   Ulysses  and  Polyphemus  —  V.  .  113 
TRANSLATION  XXII.   Gains  Mucius  Scaevola       .        .  113 
Recapitulatory  Exercises  —  J-M          .        .        .        .114 

56.  Passive  Indicative:  First  Conjugation       .        .        .116 

57.  Passive  Indicative:  First  Conjugation        .         .         .  118 
TRANSLATION  XXIII.   A  Cork  Leg      .        .         .        .119 

58.  Second  Conjugation 120 

59.  Second  Conjugation  (continued)          ....  121 
TRANSLATIONS  XXIV.,  XXV.   David  and  Goliath       .  122 

60.  Third  Conjugation 124 

61.  Third  Conjugation  (continued)     .        .        .        .        .  125 
TRANSLATION    XXVI.   Nasica  and  Ennius          .        .  126 
TRANSLATION  XXVII.   Literal  Obedience    ...  126 

62.  Fourth  Conjugation 127 

63.  Fourth  Conjugation  (continued) 128 

TRANSLATION  XXVIII.   Bacchus  and  the  Pirates        .  129 

Recapitulatory  Exercises  —  N-Q          ....  130 
Subjunctive  Mood  — 

64.  Sequence  of  Tenses,  Indirect  Questions      .        .        .  133 

65.  Final  Clauses  135 


X  Contents. 

SECT.  PAGE 

66.  Final  Clauses  (negative) 137 

67.  Consecutive  Clauses 138 

68.  Independent  Sentences 139 

69.  Subjunctive  (Hortatory)  and  Imperative    .         .         .  14-1 

70.  Miscellaneous  Sentences       .        .        .        .        .        .  142 

Conjugation  of  the  Verbs 143 

Vocabularies  to  the  First  Four  Pieces  of  Translation  177 

Latin-English  Dictionary 179 

English-Latin  Dictionary 200 


</>    . '      -:> 

ruiriTBRsiTy] 


SHOETEE   LATIN   COUESE. 

INTRODUCTION. 

PRONUNCIATION. 

1.  Alphabet.  —  The  Latin  alphabet  is  the  same  as 
the  English,  save  that  it  lacks  w. 

NOTE.  —  k  is  found  only  in  a  few  words,  e.g.  Kalendae,  and 
as  an  abbreviation,  e.g.  K.  for  Kaeso,  a  Roman  surname,  y 
and  z  are  found  only  in  words  of  foreign  origin.  The  char- 
acters j  and  v  did  not  originally  belong  to  the  Latin  alpha- 
bet, but  are  additions  of  the  mediaeval  period.  They  were 
used  then  to  distinguish  i  the  vowel  from  i  the  consonant, 
i.e.  /;  and  u  the  vowel  from  u  the  consonant,  i.e.  v  (pro- 
nounced as  labial  v,  nearly  our  w). 

2.  Letters.  —  Letters   are   either   vowels   or   conso- 
nants.    The  vowels  are  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  y.     The  remaining 
letters  of  the  alphabet  are  consonants. 

3.  Vowels. — Vowels  may  be  long  (indicated  thus  _), 
or  short   (indicated  thus   w),  or  common   (indicated 
thus  — ). 


2  Shorter  Latin 

NOTE.  —  The  long  and  short  vowels  differ  only  in  the 
length  of  time  required  in  their  pronunciation.  This  is 
termed  the  Quantity  of  the  vowel.  The  long  vowel  requires 
twice  the  time  in  pronunciation  that  a  short  vowel  does. 
(In  this  book  all  long  vowels  are  marked.  The  short  vowels 
are  indicated  only  at  times  to  save  ambiguity.) 

4.  Consonants.  —  Consonants  may  be  classified  as 
follows  :  — 


Mutes,  •<  t,  d 

I  k,  c,  g,  q(u) 

Liquids,  /,  m,  n,  r 

Sibilant,  5 

Double  consonants,    x  and  z. 

5.  Sounds  of  the  Letters.  —  There  are  two  methods 
of  pronouncing  Latin  among  English-speaking  people. 
.  They  are  :  1.  The  Roman  Method. 
2.  The  English  Method. 

The  Eoman  or  phonetic  method  is  generally  ac- 
cepted by  modern  scholars  as  the  one  presenting  in  a 
fairly  exact  manner  the  pronunciation  of  the  educated 
Eomans  of  the  Augustan  Age.  It  simplifies  pronun- 
ciation, since  it  has  but  one  sound  for  each  letter,  and 
it  aids  in  the  study  of  Latin  versification  and  com- 
parative philology. 

NOTE.  —  It  must  be  remembered  that  the  difference  be- 
tween the  long  and  short  vowels  is  a  matter  of  time  required 
in  pronunciation.  The  English  words  chosen  represent  only 
approximately  this  difference. 


Introduction.  3 

a.  Roman  Method. 

Vowels  :  a  is  sounded  like  the  last  a  in  mamma. 

a  "  "  "  a  in  comma. 

e  "  "  "  a   "  fray. 

e  "  "  "  e    "   fret. 

?  "  "  "  i    "   machine. 

£  "  "  "  i    "   thin. 

6  "  "  "  o    "  hole. 

o  "  "  "  o    "   rod. 

M  "  "  "  oo  "  pool,  not  like  w  in  cute. 

u  "  "  "  M   "   pull,     "      "     u  "  but. 

Diphthongs  :  ae  is  like  aye. 

aw  "     "    oio  in  cow. 
ei  "     "    ei     "   feint.' 
eu  "     "    w      "   cute, 
oe  "     "    oi     "   oil. 
wi  "     "    ^ee  "   tweed. 

Consonants :  b  is  sounded  like  English  b,  save  that  before 
s  and  £  it  is  like  English  p.  urbs  =  urps 
(not  herbs) ,  obtineo  —  optineo.  So  scrlbo 
has  perf.  scrlpsi  and  supine  scriptum. 

c  is  sounded  like  English  k,  or  c  in  cat. 

g  is  sounded  like  English  g  in  give. 

y  (i  consonant),  is  like  y  in  young. 

q,  always  followed  by  w,  is  like  English  qu. 

v   (u  consonant),  is  like  w  in  woe. 

t  is  like  English  t,  never  like  sh. 

s  is  like  s  in  sill,  not  like  z.  It  is  always  a 
sharp  hiss. 

ch  is  like  fc. 


4  Shorter  Latin  Course. 

b.  The  English  Method.  The  letters  are  sounded  as 
in  English. 

Vowels :  a    as   in  mate.  a  as  in  hat. 

e  as  ee  "  feet.  e    "  "   get. 

i    as    "  wine.  i    "  "  fin. 

o     "     "  note.  o    "  "   hot. 

M     "     "  tube.  u   "  "   cub. 

Diphthongs  :  ae  and  oe  like  e. 

aw  like  au  in  aught, 
ew     "     ew   "   pewter. 

Consonants  :  c  is  like  5,  and  g  like  y,  before  e,  i,  ?/,  ae,  oe,  ew. 

Otherwise  they  are  hard,  as  c  in  come, 

and  #  in  get. 
di  is  always  hard. 
t  before  i  has  sound  of  sh. 

6.  Syllables.  —  A  word  has  as  many  syllables  as  it 
has  vowels  and  diphthongs. 

A  single  consonant  between  two  vowels  belongs  in 
pronunciation  with  the  latter. 

When  two  words  are  component  parts  of  a  com- 
pound, these  parts  must  be  indicated  in  pronuncia- 
tion; as,  ab-sum. 

NOTE.  —  The  last  syllable  is  called  the  ultima :  the  next 
to  the  last,  penult ;  and  the  last  but  two,  antepenult. 

1.  Quantity. — 1.  A  vowel  is  short  when  it  .stands 
before  another  vowel  or  h,  also  before   nd  and   nt; 
nihil,  via,  lauddnt,  laudandus. 

2.  The  following  are  long  :  — 

a.  Diphthongs  and  vowels  taking  the  place  of  diph- 
thongs;  accuso  (causa),  excludo  (claudo). 


Introduction.  5 

b.  Vowels  formed  as  a  result  of  contraction ;    mo- 
mentum (movimentum) . 

c.  Vowels  before  nf  and  ns  and  j  (the  i  consonant) 
—  infensus  pronounced  eenfanesus  ;  before  gn,  gm  — 
as  magnus,  dgmen;    sometimes  before  nc  and  nq  — 
sanctus,  qmnque. 

3.  Syllables  which  have  long  vowels  are  long ;  sylla- 
bles which  have  vowels  followed  by  two  consonants 
(except  a  mute  with  I  or  r),  or  a  double  consonant  (x 
ox  z),  are  long. 

Remember  the  vowel,  if  short  in  itself,  does  not 
change  its  pronunciation,  though  the  syllable  is  con- 
sidered long. 

A  syllable  in  which  a  short  vowel  is  followed  by  a 
mute  with  I  or  r  is  common ;  i.e.  it  may  be  long  or 
short. 

8.  Accent.  —  Words  of  two  syllables  are  accented 
on  the  first. 

Words  of  more  than  two  syllables  are  accented  on 
the  penult  when  that  is  long,  otherwise  on  the  ante- 
penult. 

Enclitics.  —  Some  small  words,  such  as  que  =  and, 
ne,  the  sign  of  a  question,  are  joined  to  other  words. 
The  accent  then  falls  upon  the  syllable  immediately 
preceding  the  enclitic. 


V    OP 
tJNIVBESITY 


SECTION   1. 

FIRST  DECLENSION  :  SINGULAR. 

Learn :  — 

•^ 

a  table. 


Nominative        ) 
>  cases, 
and  Vocative  > 

Mensa 

Genitive  case, 

Mens  ae 

Dative  case, 

Mens  ae 

Accusative  case, 

Mens  am 

Ablative  case, 

Mens  a 

of  a  table  (or)  a  table's. 

to  (or)  for  a  table. 

a  table. 

with,  from,  etc.,  a  table.1 


Write  clown  in  the  same  way  :  — 

vita,  life.        fenestra,  a  window.       colonia,  the  colony. 


SECTION   2. 

THE  ACCUSATIVE  CASE. 

We  say  in  English  "  I  strike  him"  not  "  I  strike  lie" 
and  "  He  strikes  me"  not  "  He  strikes  /  "/  for  in  these 
sentences  the  persons  who  strike  are  put  in  the  nomina- 
tive, and  the  persons  whom  they  strike  in  the  accusa- 
tive. But  very  few  words  in  English  as  it  is  spoken 

1  The  ablative  case  may  be  translated  by  from,  by,  ivith,  in,  or  at. 
It  is  very  often  found  with  prepositions. 
6 


SEC.  2.]  First  Declension.  7 

and  written  nowadays,1  have  an  accusative  case  differ- 
ent from  the  nominative.  We  say,  for  instance,  "  The 
stone  struck  me  "  and  "  I  struck  the  stone/'  and  the 
word  "  stone  "  is  not  altered  as  "  me  "  is  to  "  I."  In 
Latin,  on  the  other  hand,  most  words  have  an  accusa- 
tive case  different  from  the  nominative,  and  great  care 
must  be  taken  to  use  the  accusative  when  the  noun  in 
English  follows  the  verb.  In  such  a  sentence,  there- 
fore, as  "He  strikes  the  table,"  the  table  would  be 
"mensam." 

Obs.  In  putting  the  Latin  sentences  into  English  an  a  or 
a  the  will  have  often  to  be  added,  whichever  of  the 
two  seems  the  more  suitable* 

For  the  words  see  the  Dictionaries  at  the  end. 

[1.]  1.  Puella  Juliam  laudat.  2.  Julia  puellam 
laudat.  3.  Cornelia  mensam  ornat.  4.  Cornelia  Juliam 
amat.  5.  Puella  Corneliam  amat.  6.  Julia  rosam 
laudat.  7.  Puella  Juliam  amat.  8.  Cornelia  rosam 
laudat.  9.  Puella  mensam  laudat.  10.  Julia  Corne- 
liam ornat.  11.  Cornelia  puellam  laudat.  12.  Julia 
Corneliam  amat. 

[2.]  1.  Cornelia  praises  Julia.  2.  Julia  praises 
Cornelia.  3.  Cornelia  loves  the  girl.  4.  The  girl 
praises  the  rose.  5.  Julia  praises  the  table.  6.  Julia 
loves  the  girl.  7.  Cornelia  praises  the  table.  8.  Julia 
decorates  the  table. 

1  English  used  to  be  more  like  Latin  in  this  respect ;  for  instance, 
"  tunge "  (now  "tongue ")  used  to  have  an  accusative  " tungan." 


8  Shorter  Latin  Course.  CSEc.  3-4. 

SECTION   3. 

FIRST  DECLENSION:  SINGULAR — (Continued). 
Other  cases  than  the  accusative. 

[3.]  1.  Puella  mensam  regmae  ornat.  2.  Julia 
Corneliae  mensam  dat.  3.  Puella  regmam  semper 
laudat.  4.  Puella  Juliae  rosam  saepe  dat.  5.  Cor- 
nelia puellae  epistulam  dat.  6.  Cornelia  mensam 
Juliae  ornat.  7.  Keglna  epistulam  puellae  laudat. 
8.  Regma  puellae  epistulam  dat.  9.  Puella^  Corne- 
liae epistulam  dat.  10.  Cornelia !  puella  mensam 
semper  ornat.  11.  Puella  reginae  Italiae  mensam  dat. 
12.  Julia  semper,  Cornelia  saepe,  puellam  laudat. 

[4.]  1.  The  Queen  of  Italy  praises  the  girl.  2.  Julia 
always  praises  the  girl's  letter.  3.  The  girl  gives  a 
letter  to  the  queen.  4.  Cornelia  always  praises  the 
girl.  5.  The  girl  decorates  the  table  with  a  rose. 
6.  The  queen  often  gives  a  rose  to  the  girl.  7.  Julia ! 
the  queen  gives  a  letter  to  the  girl.  8.  The  girl  often 
decorates  the  table  of  the  queen. 

SECTION   4. 

FIRST  DECLENSION  :  PLURAL. 
Learn :  — 

Nom.  "| 

and    I  Mens  ae  tables. 
Voc.    j 

Gen.        Mens  arum  of  tables. 

Dat.        Mens  is  to  (or)  for  tables. 

Ace.        Mens  as  tables. 

Abl.        Mens  is  with,  from,  etc.,  tables. 


SEC.  4.]  First  Declension.  9 

[5.]  1.  Puellae  mensam  regmae  ornant.  2.  Puella 
mensas  regmae  ornat.  3.  Reginae  puellam  semper  lau- 
dant.  4.  Puella  mensam  regmae  rosis  ornat.  5.  Julia 
epistulas  regmarum  saepe  habet.  6.  Regina  epistulam 
puellarum  laudat.  7.  Puellae  reginam  Italiae  amant. 

8.  Puellae    rosis    semper    mensam    regmae    ornant. 

9.  Regina  semper   rosas  puellae   habet.     10.  Puellae 
epistulas  regmarum  habent.     11.  Regina  puellae  men- 
sam   dat.      12.    Puellae    reginae    saepe    rosas   dant. 
13.    Regina  hodie  puellas  saepe  laudat.      14.   Puella 
reginae   semper   epistulas  dat.     15.  Regina   puellam, 
puella  reginam,  amat.     16.  Regina  puellis  mensas  dat. 
17.  Puellae  Juliae  epistulam  dant.     18.  Regina  Juliae 
rosam,  Corneliae  mensam,  dat. 

[6.]  1.  The  girls  have  roses  to-day.  2.  Julia  loves 
the  girls.  3.  The  girl  has  a  table.  4.  Cornelia  praises 
the  girls  to-day.  5.  The  girls  decorate  the  tables 
to-day.  6.  Julia  always  has  roses.  7.  The  girl  often 
decorates  the  tables.  8.  Julia  praises  the  girl  to-day. 
9.  The  girls  often  decorate  the  table.  10.  Cornelia 
always  praises  the  roses. 

[7.]  1.  The  queen  often  praises  the  girl's  letters. 
2.  The  girls  praise  the  roses  of  Italy.  3.  Julia  has  the 
girl's  letter  to-day.  4.  The  girls  decorate  the  queen's 
table  with  roses.  5.  Cornelia  always  praises  the  let- 
ters of  the  girls.  6.  The  Queen  of  Italy  has  the  girl's 
letter.  7.  Julia  praises  the  queen's  letter  to-day. 
8.  Julia  gives  letters  to  the  girls.  9.  The  girls  give 
a  letter  to  Julia.  10.  The  Queen  of  Italy  gives  roses 
to  the  girls.  11.  Julia  gives  roses  to  the  girl.  12.  The 
girl  decorates  Julia's  table  with  the  roses. 


Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  5. 

SECTION   5. 
SECOND  DECLENSION  :  NOUNS  IN  -us. 

The  greater  number  of  masculine  nouns  of  the  sec- 
ond declension  end  in  the  nominative  singular  in  -us, 
and  are  declined  like  :  — 

SINGULAR. 

Nom.  •> 

and  \-  Domin  us,  £  a  master. 

Voc.  J 

Gen.  Domini  of  a  master  or  a  master's. 

Dat.  Domin  6  to  (or )  for  a  master. 

Ace.  Domin  urn  a  master. 

Abl.  Domin  6  with,  from,  etc.,  a  master.1 

PLURAL. 

Nom.  "| 

and  >  Domiri  I  masters. 

Voc.  J 

Gen.  Domin  orum      of  masters. 

Dat.  Domin  is  to  (or)  for  masters. 

Ace.  Domin  6s  masters. 

Abl.  Domin  is  with,  from,  etc.,  masters.1 

The  Latin  for  "  0  Master  !  "  or  «  Master  ! "  is  Do- 
mine.  Domine  is  called  the  Vocative  Case.  In  all 
other  nouns  but  those  in  -us  of  this  declension  the 
Vocative  is  the  same  as  the  Nominative  Case. 

1  As  dominus  refers  to  a  person,  a  preposition  is  used  with  the 
ablative  case  to  express  these  relations,  hence,  with  the  master  is 
cum  domino,  and/rom  or  by  the  master  is  a  domino. 


SEC.  5.]  Second  Declension. 

Obs.  In  putting  the  Latin  sentences  into  English  a  his, 
her,  or  their  will  have  sometimes  to  be  added.  It 
follows  that,  in  turning  the  English  sentences  into 
Latin,  these  words  (for  the  present  put  in  italics) 
should  be  passed  over. 

[8.]  1.  Dominus  servum  laudat.  2.  Servi  dominum 
amant.  3.  Domini  amicos  laudant.  4.  Marcus  ser- 
vos videt.  5.  Dominus  regmam  saepe  videt.  6.  Do- 
mini servos  saepe  laudant.  7.  Marcus  Juliam  amat. 
8.  Amici  Marcum  vident.  9.  Domine !  regma  servos 
laudat.  10.  Marcus  hodie  amicum  laudat.  11.  Domi- 
nus servis  epistulam  dat.  12.  Begma  epistulam  servi 
laudat.  13.  Servi  mensam  dommi  ornant.  14.  Julia 
servo  rosam  dat.  15.  Servi  domims  epistulas  dant. 
16. "  Servi !  dominus  epistulam  habet.  17.  Puella 
amicis  rosas  dat.  18.  Eegina  Marco  mensam  dat. 
19.  Amici  epistulam  domini  habent.  20.  Regma  Cor- 
neliae  epistulam  puellae  dat. 

[9.]  1.  The  slaves  praise  their1  master.  2.  The 
masters  praise  their  slaves.  3.  The  slave  has  a  friend. 
4.  Marcus  praises  his  slave  to-day.  5.  Julia  praises 
the  slaves.  6.  The  slave  praises  the  girls.  7.  The 
girls  decorate  the  queen's  table  with  roses.  8.  The 
slaves  often  praise  their  master.  9.  Marcus  praises 
the  Queen  of  Italy.  10.  The  slaves  see  their  mas- 
ter. 

[10.]  1.  The  queen  gives  letters  to  her  slaves. 
2.  Julia  has  her  friend's  letter.  3.  The  queens  praise 
Marcus's  letter.  4.  The  slaves  have  the  letters  of  their 

1  Words  in  italics  are  left  out  in  translation  into  Latin. 


12  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  G. 

masters.  5.  Marcus  often  praises  his  slaves.  6.  The 
slave  gives  a  rose  to  Ms  master.  7.  The  slaves  give 
their  master  a  letter  to-day.  8.  The  master  praises 
the  letters  of  his  slaves.  9.  The  queen  sees  the  girl's 
letter.  10.  The  slaves  often  see  their  master. 


SECTION   6. 
SECOND  DECLENSION  :   NEUTER  NOUNS. 

The  neuter  nouns  of  the  second  declension  end  in 
-um;  and,  like  all  neuter  nouns,  they  have  the  nomi- 
native and  accusative  cases,  both  in  the  singular  and 
plural,  alike :  — 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 


Nom. 

1 

and 

^Bellum 

war. 

Bella 

wars. 

Voc. 

J 

Gen. 

Belli 

of  war. 

Bell  orum 

of  wars. 

Dat. 

Bell  6 

to  war. 

Bell  is 

to  wars. 

Ace. 

Bell  um 

war. 

Bella 

wars. 

Abl. 

Bello 

by  war. 

Bell  is 

by  wars. 

[11.]  1.  Praemium  domini  servos  delectat.  2.  Servi 
arma  dominorum  habent.  3.  Dominus  servo  praemium 
dat.  4.  Bellum  Germanos  delectat.  5.  Julia  et  Cor- 
nelia rosas  semper  habent.  6.  Marcus  diligentiam  ser- 
vorum  saepe  laudat.  7.  Bellum  dominum  et  servum 
delectat.  8.  German!  diligentiam  amant  et  laudant. 
9.  Domin!  serv!s  praemium  dant.  10.  Servi  mensam 
domim  hodie  ornarit.  11.  Eegma  diligentiam  Juliae 


SEC.  7.] 


Second  Declension. 


13 


et  Corneliae  laudat.     12.  Puella  anna  Marci  videt  et 
laudat. 

[12.]  1.  War  pleases  the  slaves.  2.  The  reward  of 
the  queen  pleases  the  girls.  3.  The  Germans  love 
arms.  4.  The  queen  praises  the  diligence  of  the  slave. 
5.  Marcus  loves  and  praises  war.  6.  The  arms  of 
Marcus  please  his  friend.  7.  The  queen  gives  rewards 
to  the  girl.  8.  The  slaves  have  their  master's  arms. 

9.  The   letters   of   their  slaves   please   the   masters. 

10.  The  lord  gives  rewards  to  his  slaves  to-day. 


SECTION   7. 

SECOND  DECLENSION  —  (  Continued)  :   ADJECTIVES  IN 
-us  -a  -urn,  SINGULAR. 

These  adjectives  are  thus  declined   in  the  singu- 
lar :  — 


MASCULINE. 

FEMININE. 

NEUTER. 

(like  Dominus.) 

(like  Mensa.) 

(like  jBellum.) 

Nom.  "| 

and    f  Bon  us,  g 

bon  a 

bon  um. 

Voc.  J 

Gen.       Boni 

bonae 

bori  I. 

Dat.       Bon  6 

bonae 

bon  6. 

Ace.       Bon  um 

bon  am 

bon  um. 

Abl.       Bon  6 

bon  a 

bon  5. 

Adjectives  must  be  put  in  the  same  gender  and  the 
same  case  of  the  singular  or  plural  as  the  nouns  with 
which  they  go. 


14  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  7. 

MASCULINE.  FEMININE.  NEUTER. 

N'l 

&  V  Domin  us  bon  us     mens  a  long  a         bell  um  long  um. 
V.J  -e  -e 

G.      Domini  boni  mensae  longae     belli  longi. 

D.      Domino  bon 6         mensae  longae     bell 6  long 6. 
Ac.    Domin  um  bonum  mens  am  long  am  bellum  longuxn. 
Ab.    Domino  bono         mens  a  long  a         bell  6  long  6. 

[13.]  1.  Amlcus  meus  amicum  tuum  hodie  laudat. 
2.  Marcus  servum  tuum  saepe  videt.  3.  Dominus  dili- 
gentiam  fidi  servi  semper  laudat.  4.  Reglna  Marco, 
amicd  tuo,  servum  dat.  5.  Regma  diligentiam  bonae 
puellae  laudat.  6.  Servus  domino  epistulam  meain 
dat.  7.  Regma  puellae  f idae  praernium  dat.  8.  Mar- 
cus longam  amici  epistulam  habet.  9.  Amici  prae- 
mium  meum  vident.  10.  Longa  epistula  reginam 
delectat.  11.  Marcus,  amicus  meus,  puellam  aniat. 
12.  Regma  servo  meo  praemium  diligentiae  dat. 

[14.]  1.  Marcus  praises  the  diligence  of  your  slave 
to-day.  2.  The  master  gives  a  reward  to  his  good 
slave.  3.  The  good  master  praises  the  diligence  of 
Ms  slaves.  4.  The  queen  gives  a  rose  to  my  friend. 
5.  The  master  often  praises  his  faithful  slave.  6.  The 
slaves  see  their  master's  long  letter.  7.  Marcus  and 
Julia  see  my  letter.  8.  The  queen  praises  the  good 
girl.  9.  The  slaves  decorate  the  queen's  table  with 
roses.  10.  A  long  war  delights  the  Germans. 

[15.]  1.  The  slaves  are  decorating  their  master's 
table  with  roses.  2.  The  girl  has  my  rose.  3.  The 
girls  have  the  arms.  4.  My  friend  praises  my  dili- 
gence. 5.  Marcus  gives  the  letter  to  his  faithful  friend. 


SEC.  s.]  Second  Declension.  15 

6.  The  girl  often  sees  the  faithful  slave.     7.  Marcus 
praises  my  master.     8.  Julia  loves  my  friend  Marcus. 

9.  The  queen  praises  the   diligence  of  your  friend. 

10.  Master  !  your  slaves  have  the  letter. 


SECTION   8. 

SECOND  DECLENSION — (Continued):    ADJECTIVES  IN 
-us,  PLURAL. 

These  adjectives  are  thus  declined  in  the  plural :  — 

MASCULINE.          FEMININE.  NEUTER. 

Norn,  -j 

and    >  Bon  I  bon  ae  -  "bon  a. 
Voc.    J 

Gen.       Bon  orum  bon  arum  bon  orum 

Dat.        Bon  is  bon  is  bon  is. 

Ace.        Bon  6s  bon  as  bon  a. 

Abl.        Bon  is  bon  is  bon  is. 

[16.]  1.  Dominus  multos  et  bonos  servos  habet. 
2.  Bom  servi  multos  amicos  semper  habent.  3.  Re- 
gina  diligentiam  amicorum  meorum  laudat.  4.  Domi- 
nus fidis  servis  praemia  dat.  5.  Bonae  puellae  arma 
tua  hodie  habent.  6.  German!  multa  arma  habent. 
7.  Puellae  mensas  tuas,  regma,  ornant !  8.  Dominus 
diligentiam  bon  orum  servoruin  laudat.  9.  Puellae 
mensam  longam  multis  rosis  ornant.  10.  Multi  domim 
diligentiam  servorum  laudant.  11.  Longae  epistulae 
puellam  delectant.  12.  Amici  mei  puellis  multa  prae- 
mia dant.  13.  Dominus  epistulas  servorum  fidorum 
habet.  14.  Regina  epistulam  bonarum  puellarum  lau- 
dat. 15.  Eegmae  bonae  fidis  puellis  multas  rosas  dant. 


16  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  9. 

[17.]  1.  Marcus  often  sees  my  friends.  2.  The 
master  gives  rewards  to  his  good  slaves.  3.  Slaves 
always  love  good  masters.  4.  The  girls  give  your 
roses  to  the  queen.  5.  Julia  praises  the  diligence  of 
the  good  girls.  6.  Julia !  the  girl  has  your  and  my 
letters.  7.  The  good  girls  adorn  Julia  with  many 
roses.  8.  The  girl  gives  many  letters  to  the  queen. 

[18.]  1.  The  queen  gives  many  rewards  to  the  girl. 
2.  The  girl  loves  the  good  queens.  3.  Your  friend 
gives  many  roses  to  the  girl.  4.  The  good  queen 
praises  the '  diligence  of  my  friends.  5.  His  friend 
gives  your  arms  to  Marcus.  6.  The  good  queen  al- 
ways loves  good  girls.  7.  The  Germans  praise  long 
wars.  8.  The  girl  gives  my  letters  to  Julia.  9.  My 
slave  gives  a  long  letter  to  Marcus.  10.  Marcus  to- 
day has  many  rewards. 

SECTION   9. 
SECOND   DECLENSION — (Continued):   NOUNS   IN  -er. 

To  the  second  declension  belong  also  many  nouns 
and  adjectives  ending  in  -er.  Most  of  these  drop  the 
e  in  the  other  cases :  — 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Nom.  ^ 

and  \-  Magister  magistr  i. 

yX                  Voc.  J 

Gen.  Magistr  I  magistr  orum. 

Dat.  Magistr  5  magistr  is. 

Ace.  Magistr  um  magistr  6s. 

Abl.  Magistr  5  magistr  is. 


SEC.  9.]  Second  Declension.  17 

A  few,  however,  keep  the  e  throughout :  — 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

•^°m*  i       A/^"*!-* 

and    f  Puer   ~  pueri. 
Voc.  J 

Gen.       Pueri  puer  orum. 

Dat.        Puer  6  puer  is. 

Ace.       Puerum  puer  6s. 

Abl.        Puer  6  puer  is. 
"^L^ir  is  declined  like  puer. 

[19.]  1.  Magister  pueris  boms  libros  dat.  2.  Domi- 
nus  miser  epistulam  servorum  videt.  3.  Kegina  puel- 
lam  pulchram  am  at.  4.  Puella  mensam  rosis  pulchris 
ornet.  5.  Regma  libros  puellarum  pulchrarum  laudat. 
6.  Puellae  bonae  pueris  miseris  rosas  dant.  7.  Puella 
regmae  miserae  rosas  pulchras  dat.  8.  Multi  pueri 
magistiis  epistulas  longas  dant.  9.  Kegina  puellae 
miserae  libros  bonos  dat.  10.  Bom  viri  regmam  mi- 
seram  amant.  11.  Puer  puellae  rosam  pulchram  saepe 
dat.  12.  Libri  pueros  miseros  hodie  delectant. 

[20.]   1.  The  boys  see  the  books  of  their  masters. 

2.  The  master  praises  the  diligence  of  the  boys.    3.  The 
good  man  gives  a  table  to  his  slave.     4.  The  good  lord 
praises  the  arms  of  the  faithful  slave.     5.  The  boy 
gives  my  books  to  his  master. '   6.  The  master  gives 
good  books   to   his  boys.      7.    Your   friend  sees  the 
queen's  unhappy  slaves.     8.  The  good  slave  sees  his 
master's  letters. 

[21.]  1.  The  good  man  always  praises  the  unhappy 
queen.  2.  The  unhappy  man  loves  the  beautiful  girl. 

3.  The  good  girl  often  gives  books  to  the  unhappy 


18  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  10. 

queen.  4.  The  queen  praises  the  girl's  beautiful 
books.  5.  The  slaves  praise  the  beautiful  table  of 
their  masters.  6.  The  unhappy  girl  loves  the  good 
queen.  7.  The  queen  often  gives  beautiful  roses  to 
the  unhappy  girl.  8.  The  good  girls  love  the  unhappy 
queen.  9.  The  masters  give  many  letters  to  their 
slaves.  10.  The  queen  always  praises  the  good  girl's 
diligence. 

SECTION    1O. 

Est  —  Sunk. 
Est,  is;  sunt,  are. 

The  Latin  for  "  Julia  is  queen "  is  Julia  est  regma, 
(not  regm&rn).  The  rule  that  the  accusative  is  to  be 
put  after  the  verb  does  not  apply  to  the  verb  "  to  be." 

It  is  not  right  to  say  in  English,  "  It  is  me"  and  "  It 
is  him,"  but  "It  is  J,"  and  "It  is  he."  So  in  Latin, 
est  Julia  (not  Juliam)  will  stand  for  "  It  is  Julia." 

Be  careful,  too,  to  notice  that  the  adjective  has  to 
agree  with  its  noun  none  the  less  because  est  or  sunt 
comes  between  them.  So  the  Latin  for  "  the  rose  is 
beautiful "  is  rosa  est  pulchra. 

[22.]    1.  Puer   est   miser.     2.  Epistula   est   longa. 
3.    Puellae    sunt   pulchrae.     4.    Anna   pulchra   sunt.  ' 
5.  Vir  bonus  non  est  miser.     6.  Libii  amico  meo  gratlvv; 
sunt.     7.  Mensa  magistii  plena  librorum  est.     8.  Ma-  ^ 
gister  Juliam  laudat,  Corneliam  culpat.     9.  Horti  pul- 
chri  pueiis  et  puellis  grati  sunt.     10.  Epistula  regmae 
boms  puellis  grata  est.     11.  Hortus   regmae   semper 


SEC.  io.]  Est  —  Sunt.  19 


plenus  rosarum  est.  12.  Magister  pigros  pueros  cul- 
pat,  impigros  laudat.  13.  Magister  pueris  praemium 
non  dat  ;  non  sunt  bom.  14.  Longa  Marc!  epistula 
puellae  miserae  grata  est.  15.  Pueri  sunt  miser!  : 
magister  diligentiam  non  laudat.  16.  Magister  pueros 
culpat;  semper  sunt  pigrl. 

[23.]  1.  The  letter  is  welcome.  2.  The  garden  is 
beautiful.  3.  The  slaves  are  faithful.  4.  Italy  is 
beautiful.  5.  The  table  is  full.  6.  The  roses  are 
beautiful.  7.  The  slaves  are  active.  8.  The  boy  is 
active.  9.  He  is  a  good  man.  10.  The  slaves  of 
Marcus  are  faithful. 

[24.]  1.  The  master  is  a  good  man.  2.  Julia  is 
queen  of  Italy.  3.  The  queen  blames  the  lazy  girls. 
4.  The  lord's  garden  is  full  of  roses.  5.  A  good  man 
praises  diligence.  6.  Books  are  often  the  rewards  of 
diligence.  7.  Balbus  is  often  a  lazy  boy.  8.  The  lord 
always  blames  the  lazy  slave.  9.  The  lord  blames  Ms 
slaves  ;  they  are  not  faithful.  10.  Marcus  is  my  friend, 
not  yours.  11.  The  boy  praises  my  friends  and  yours. 
12.  Your  lord  is  a  friend  of  the  queen's.  13.  Girls 
are  not  always  beautiful.  14.  Books  are  not  always 
welcome  to  boys. 

I.   A  Letter  of  a  Father  to  his  Boy  at  /School. 

(Words  on  p.  177.) 

OA^^  yjo 

Epistula  magistri  tui,  Balbe,  grata  et  jucunda  mihi 
fuit.  Nam  diligentiam  tuam  laudat,  et  scribit  :  "Filius 
tuus  bonus  puer  et  industrius  est."  Mater  tibf  pul- 
chrum  librum,  praemium  diligentiae  tuae,  mittit. 


20  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  11. 

Soror  tua  hodie  sex  annos  habet.     Cotidie  me  rogat : 
"  Quando,  pater,  revertet  frater  ?  "     Yale  ! 

II.    Romulus  and  Remus. 

(Words  on  p.  177.) 

\Ji^&*-- 

Dum  Eomulus  muros  Eomae  multa  diligentia  aedifi- 
cat,  Eemus,  frater,  puer  piger  et  improbus,  parvos 
adhuc  muros  saepe  transilit.  Verbis  contumeliosis, 
Eomulum  compellat.  "Carissime  frater,  quam  mag- 
nifici  sunt  murT  tui !  inimicQS  tuos  egregie  arcent ! " 
Eomulus,  autem,  plenus  irae,  Eemum  occidit.  Turn 
muros  conficit. 


III.    The  Black  Slave. 

(Words  on  p.  178.) 

Agrippa  nigrum  servum  habebat.  Pueri,  autem, 
miserum  servum  *in  plateis  rident.  "  En,"  clamant, 
"  quam  niger  est !  Serve,  nemo  te  lavat  ?  "  Dominus, 
tarn  en,  vir  bonus  et  validus,  improbos  pueros  audit. 
Plenus  irae  pueros  capillo  arripit.  Frustra  clamant ; 
frustra  lacrimas  fundunt.  Cunctos  sine  mora  in  atra- 
mentum  demergit. 

SECTION   11. 
THIRD  DECLENSION. 

The  case-endings  for  masculine  and  feminine  nouns 
of  this  declension  are  :  — 


SEC.  11.]  Third  Declension.  21 


SINGULAR. 

Nom.  — 

Gen.  -is 

Dat.  -i 

Ace.  -em 

Abl.  -e 


Some  nouns,  soror,  clamor,  mutter,  for  instance,  are 
declined  by  adding  these  endings  to  the  nominative 
singular.  Soror  therefore  is  declined :  — 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Nom.  ^ 
and    >•  Soror  soror  es. 

Voc.  J 

Gen.  Soror  is  soror  um. 

Dat.  Soror  I  soror  ibus. 

Ace.  Soror  em  soror  es. 

Abl.  Soror  e  soror  ibus. 

[25.]  1.  Pueri  puellas  clamore  terrent.  2.  Puer 
puellam  clamoribus  terret.  3.  Puer  bonus  a  sorore 
Taudatur.  4.  Mulier  regmae  multas  epistulas  dat. 
5.  Puer  mulierem  clamoribus  terret.  6.  Servi  fid! 
hodie  a  domims  laudantur.  7.  Vir  bonus  mulieribus 
libros  dat.  8.  Aniicus  meus  sororem  Juliae  saepe  vi- 
det.  9.  Magister  puero  librum,  praemium  diligentiae, 
dat.  10.  Balbus  a  Julia,  Marcus  a  Cornelia,  amatur. 
11.  Pueri  a  sorore  semper  laudantur.  12.  Pueros 
pigros  magister  semper  culpat.  13.  Vir  bonus  muli- 
erem nunquam  terret.  14.  Puer  sorori  librum,  soror 
puero  arma,  dat.  15.  Pueri  sunt  pigrij  nunquam 
praemia  habent. 

[26.]    1.  The  boys  love  their  sisters.     2.  The  boy 


22  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  12. 

blames  his  sister  to-day.  3.  His  sister  often  blames  the 
boy.  4.  Marcus  has  the  books  of  the  slaves.  5.  The 
shouting  of  the  boys  frightens  the  girls.  6.  The 
shouts  of  the  girls  frighten  the  queen.  7.  The  queen 
never  praises  the  woman's  letter.  8.  Marcus  gives  a 
book  to  the  woman.  9.  Julia  has  the  women's  roses. 
10.  The  boy  gives  a  rose  to  his  sisters. 

[27.]  1.  Julia's  sisters  give  a  book  to  the  boy. 
2.  Julia  praises  her  sister's  diligence.  3.  Wars  frighten 
women.  4.  Cornelia  never  gives  a  reward  to  her  sister. 
5.  The  sailors'  shouting  frightens  the  queen.  6.  The 
boys'  sisters  have  the  roses.  7.  The  queen  praises  the 
diligence  of  her  sisters.  8.  The  boy  gives  the  books 
to  his  sister.  9.  The  lord  frightens  his  lazy  slaves. 
10.  His  sister  praises  the  unhappy  boy.  11.  The 
master  always  blames  the  shouting.  12.  The  boy 
sees  his  sister  in  the  garden.  13.  The  shouts  of  the 
boys  frighten  the  women.  14.  The  women  praise  the 
roses  of  your  garden.  15.  Balbus  loves  the  sister  of 
the  beautiful  Julia. 


SECTION   12. 

THIRD  DECLENSION  —  (Continued). 
The  Gender  shown  by  meaning. 

The  meaning  of  some  words  shows  their  gender : 
mercator,  a  merchant,  is  masculine ;  mulier,  a  woman, 
is  feminine.  "  A  good  merchant,"  and  "  a  good 
woman/'  will  therefore  be  declined  thus  ;  — » 


SEC.  12.]  Third  Declension.  23 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Nom.  ^ 

and    >  Bon  us,  8,  mercator  bon  i  mercator  es. 
Voc.   J 

Gen.      Boni  mercator  is  bon  orum  mercator  um. 

Dat.       Bono  mercator  i  bon  is  mercator  ibua. 

Ace.       Bon  um  mercator  em  bon  6s  mercator  es. 

Abl.       Bono  mercator  e  bon  is  mercator  ibus. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Nom.'N 

and  }  Bon  a  mulier  bon  ae  mulier  es. 

Yoc.  J 

Gen.  Bonae  mulier  is  bonarnm  mulier  um. 

Dat.  Bon  ae  mulier  I  bon  is  mulier  ibus. 

Ace.  Bon  am  mulier  em  bon  as   mulier  es. 

Abl.  Bon  a  mulier  e  bon  is  mulier  ibus. 

"By,"  before  a  word  denoting  a  person,  must  be 
translated  by  the  preposition  a  (ab  always  before  a 
vowel,  and  often  before  consonants),  followed  by  the 
ablative :  otherwise  the  ablative  by  itself  is  enough. 
So:  — 

Regma  a  bono  mercatore  laudatur. 

The  queen  is  praised  by  the  good  merchant. 

Regiria  clamoribus  puerorum  terretur. 

The  queen  is  frightened  by  the  shouts  of  the  boys. 

[28.]  1.  Alexander  sorori  tuae  rosam  nunquam  dat. 
2.  Multi  oratores  reginam  semper  laudant.  3.  Puer 
libros  clarorum  oratorum  hodie  laudat.  4.  Mercator 
Germanus  reginae  vinum  dat.)  5.  Eegma  a  multis 
oratoribus  laudatur.  6.  Marcus  sororem  meam  amat 
et  saepe  laudat.  7.  Magister  diligentiam  sororum 
mearum  laudat.  8.  Regina  bonis  mulieribus  pecuniam 


24  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  12. 

cotidie  dat.  9.  Balbus  diligentiam  majorum  meorum 
saepe  lauglat.  10.  Marcus,  vir  bonus,  miseris  servis 
pecuniam  dat.  11.  Clamores  puerorum  miseras  mulie- 
res  terrent.  12.  Bella  Alexaiidri  elara  sunt.  13.  Ser- 
vus  domino  vmum  cotjldie'dat.  14.  Servi  mei  Balbum 
et  Marcum  cotidie  vident.  15.  Mercatoribus  bella  non 
semper  grata  sunt. 

[29.]  1.  Alexander  has  many  sisters.  2.  The  queen 
is  praised  by  my  sisters.  3.  The  lord  gives  money  to 
the  active  merchant.  4.  The  poet  praises  the  queen's 
beautiful  sisters.  5.  The  poet  gives  his  book  to  the 
celebrated  orator.  6.  The  celebrated  orator  praises  his 
ancestors.  7.  Your  ancestors  are  praised  by  the  ora- 
tor. 8.  The  good  merchants  give  rewards  to  the 
sailors.  9.  The  orator  praises  the  gardens  of  Italy. 
10.  The  boy  praises  the  long  books  of  the  orators. 

[30.]    1.    The  queen  praises  the  faithful  women. 

2.  The   faithful  women  are   praised  by  the  queen. 

3.  The   lord   praises   the   merchant's  wine.     4.   The 
queen  often  praises  the  diligence  of  the  German  mer- 
chants.    5.  The  boy  loves  his  sister,  and  is  praised 
by  his  sister.     6.  The  merchant's  gardens  are  full  of 
beautiful  roses  to-day.     7.  The  girl  praises  the  dili- 
gence of  the  active  women.     8.   The  boy  often  has 
your  sister's  books.     9.   The  queen  praises  the  dili- 
gence of  the  merchants  every  day.     10.  The  slaves 
give  the  letters  to  the  merchant  every  day.     11.  The 
good  merchant  gives  money  to  the  orators.     12.  The 
queen  gives  wine  to  the  poet,  money  to  the  orator. 


SEC.  is.]       Third  Declension,  The  Stem.  25 

IV.    A  Fable. 
(Words  on  p.  178.) 

Societatem  jungunt  led,  equus,  capra,  ovis. ,  Multam 
praedam  capiunt,  et  in  unum  locum  comportant.  Turn 
in  quattuor  partes  praedam  dividunt.  Leo,  autem, 
"Prima  pars,"  inqtiit,  "mea  est;  nam  leo  rex  anima- 
lium  est.  Et  mea  est  pars  secunda,  propter  magnps 
meos  labdres.  Tertiam  partem  vindico,  quoniam 
major  mihi  quam  vobis,  animalibus  imbecillis  et  par- 
vis,  fame's  est.  Quartam,  derifque,  partem  si  quis  sibi  ' 
arrogat,  mihi  inimicus  erit." 

SECTION   13. 
THIRD  DECLENSION  —  (Continued)-.  THE  STEM. 

The  nouns  of  the  third  declension  which  have  been 
given  so  far  have  been  declined  by  adding  the  case- 
endings  to  the  nominative  singular.  But  in  order  to 
decline  the  greater  number  of  nouns  of  this  declen- 
sion it  is  necessary  to  know  another  case  as  well. 
Rex,  a  king,  for  instance,  is  thus  declined :  — 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Nom.  "J 

and    >  Rex  reges. 
Voc.    J 

Gen.       Regis  regum. 

Dat.        Regi  regibus. 

Ace.        Reg  em  reges. 

Abl.        Rege  regibus. 


26  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  13. 

It  is  not  to  rex,  but  to  reg-,  that  the  case-endings 
are  added. 

[31.]  1.  Eegma  diligentiam  militum  semper  laudat. 
2.  Soror  parvo  fratri  bonum  librum  dat.  3.  Fratres 
praemiis  regis  et  regmae  content!  sunt.  4.  Eex  mili- 
tibus  hodie  non  est  contentus.  5.  Eegma  i  ratrem  et 
Bororem  in  horto  videt.  6.  Eeges  mercatoribus  mag- 
nam  pecuniam  saepe  dant.  7.  Rex  Germanus  multos 
fratres  et  multas  sorores  habet.  8.  Horti  regum 
magni  et  pleni  hodie  rosarum  sunt.  9.  Eegma  militi- 
bus  magnam  pecuniam  saepe  dat.  10.  Magister  saepe 
fratrem  culpat,  sororem  semper  laudat.  11.  Milites 
praemiis  regmae  nunquam  content!  sunt.  12.  Eex  nau- 
tis  et  militibus  multa  saepe  praemia  dat.  13.  Magis- 
ter me  culpat,  te  laudat.  14.  Clamores  militum  me 
saepe  terrent.  15.  Eeges  fidis  militibus  magna  prae- 
mia dant.  16.  Marcus  fidus  regum  amicus  semper  est. 
17.  Fratres  tui  miser!  sunt :  nunquam  a  magistro 
laudantur.  18.  Eegma  fratribus  meis,  Marco  et  Alex- 
andro,  multos  libros  dat.  19.  Te,  amice,  magistr! 
nunquam  laudant,  me  semper !  20.  Frater  meus  cla- 
rus  est :  semper  a  militibus  laudatur. 

[32.]  1.  Wars  do  not  frighten  the  soldier.  2.  The 
girl  is  praised  by  the  soldier.  3.  The  soldiers  frighten 
the  girl  by  their  shouts.  4.  Julia  is  never  praised  by 
my  brother.  5.  The  slaves  gave  their  lord's  letters  to 
the  king.  6.  The  orators  are  always  praising  kings 
and  queens.  7.  The  soldiers  give  a  rose  to  the 
women.  8.  The  shouts  of  the  common  people  frighten 
the  king.  9.  Your  sisters  see  my  brother  every  day. 
10.  The  good  king  praises  the  beautiful  queen. 


SEC.  14.]     Third  Declension,  Genitive  Plural.        27 

[33.]  1.  War  is  welcome  to  the  soldiers.  2.  Their 
sisters  are  always  loved  by  their  brothers.  3.  My 
brothers  are  always  active.  4.  The  merchants  give 
good  wine  to  the  kings.  5.  The  king  gives  a  large  sum 
of  money  to  the  orators.  6.  The  brothers  frighten 
their  sisters  by  their  shouts.  7.  0  queen,  the  poets 
always  praise  you !  8.  My  sisters  love  me,  your  sis- 
ters love  you.  9.  The  brother  gives  many  roses  to 
his  sister.  10.  The  king,  a  good  man,  gives  the  ora- 
tors7 books  to  the  active  boys.  11.  To  good  kings 
books  are  always  welcome.  12.  The  soldiers  are 
praised  by  the  good  king. 


SECTION   14. 
THIRD  DECLENSION:  GENITIVE  PLURAL. 

Some  nouns  form  their  genitive  plural,  not  in  -um, 
but  in  -mm. 

The  general  rule  is  that  nouns  whose  genitive  sin- 
gular has  more  syllables  than  the  nominative  singular 
take  -um;  nouns  which  have  the  same  number  of  syl- 
lables in  these  cases  take  -ium. 

NOM.    SING.  GEN.    SING.  GEN.    PLURAL. 


1.   Miles 
Rex 

Orator 

milit  is 
regis 
orator  is 

milit  um. 
reg  um. 
orator  um. 

2.   Host  is 
Civ  is 
Navis 

host  is 
civ  is 
11  a  v  is 

host  ium. 
civ  ium. 
nav  ium. 

28  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  14. 

[34.]    1.  Clamores  hostium  mulieres  saepe  terrent. 

2.  Eegina  libros  oratorum  saepe  laudat.     3.  Orator 
diligentiam  civiuni   Germanorum  laudat.     4.  Milites 
navibus  hostium  non  terrentur.     5.  Eex  reginae  epis- 
tulas  sororum  dat.      6.    Hostes   parvis   copiis   agros 
vastant.      7.    Epistula  hostium   regi  non  grata   est. 
8.  Hostes  proras  navium  regum  vident.      9.  Eegem, 
virum  bonum,  hostium  clamores  non  terrent.    10.  Eex 
nuinero  navium  contentus  est.     11.  Me  clamores  hos- 
tium nunquam  terrent.      12.    Eegma  hostium  agros 
regis  vastat. 

[35.]  1.  The  king  praises  the  diligence  of  the  citi- 
zens. 2.  The  soldiers  see  the  prows  of  the  ships. 

3.  The  brother  praises  the  garden  of  his1  sisters. 

4.  The  slave  sees  the  forces  of  the  enemy.     5.  The 
sailors  decorate  the  prows  of  their1  ships  with  roses. 

6.  The  forces  of  the  enemy  do  not  frighten  the  king. 

7.  The  slaves  see  the  ships  of  the  merchant.     8.  The 
citizens  lay  waste  the  lands  of  the  enemy.     9.  Julia 
has  a  large  number  of  sisters.     10.  The  king  is  satis- 
fied with  the  diligence  of  the  citizens. 

[36.]  1.  The  king  sees  the  enemy's  ships.  2.  The 
slaves  of  my  sisters  are  faithful.  3.  The  king  is  loved 
by  his  citizens.  4.  The  enemy  see  a  large  number  of 
ships.  5.  The  shouts  of  the  soldiers  frighten  the 
forces  of  the  enemy.  6.  The  forces  of  the  enemy 
frighten  the  unhappy  citizens.  7.  The  king  praises 
the  diligence  of  his  ancestors.  8.  The  boy  sees  the 
rewards  of  the  active  girls.  9.  The  ships  of  the 

1  His,  her,  and  their  are  no  longer  printed  in  italics,  but  are  still 
to  be  left  out  in  Latin. 


SEC.  is.]    Third  Declension,  Genitive  Plural. 

enemy  are  praised  by  the  king.  10.  To  the  king  of 
the  enemy  the  war  is  welcome.  11.  The  king  is  satis- 
fied to-day  with  the  diligence  of  the  soldiers.  12.  The 
soldiers  of  the  enemy  frighten  the  citizens  with  their 
shouts. 

SECTION  15. 
THIRD  DECLENSION  :  GENITIVE  PLURAL  —  (Continued). 

Some  nouns,  however,  although  they  have  the  same 
number  of  syllables  in  all  the  cases  of  the  singular, 
make  their  genitive  plural  in  -um :  so  do :  — 

pater,  mater,  f rater,   .  ^t*r 
juvenis,  and  senex.  cj 

And  others  again,  which  have  more  syllables  in  the 
genitive  than  in  the  nominative  singular,  make  their 
genitive  plural  in  -ram.  Among  these  are :  — 

(a)  A  number  of  words,  mostly  of  one  syllable,  ending  in 
an  "  s  "  following  a  consonant.  What,  then,  is  the 
genitive  plural  of — ars,  art  is  (art),  pars,  partis 
(part),  mens,  mentis  (mind),  frons,  front  is 
(front). 

(6)    Nox,  os,  vis,  make  —  noctium,  ossium,  vlrium. 

and  also  some  nouns  in  Section  17. 

[37.]  1.  Puellae  epistulas  matrum  habent.  2.  Senes 
diligentiam  majorum  saepe  laudant.  3.  Copiae  regiae 
agros  hostium  vastant.  4.  Senum  pars  regem,  pars 
regmam,  culpat.  5.  Servi  navium  regiarum  partem 
vident.  6.  Juvenum  pars  laudat,  pars  culpat  poetam. 


30  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  is. 

7.  Puellae  saepe  libris  mat  rum  non  sunt  contentae. 

8.  Copiae  hostium  partem  agrorum  regiorum  vastant. 

9.  Clamores    mulierum    copias    regias    non    terrent. 

10.  Yerba  tua  me  hodie  non  terrent,  orator!     11.  Cla- 
mores  hostium   miserarum   animos    matrum   terrent. 

12.  Puerorum  partem  culpat,  partem  laudat  magister. 

13.  Parvae  hostium  copiae  aniinos  militum  terrent. 

14.  Te,  puer  piger,  magistri  nunquam  laudant !    15.  Se- 
nex  servis  boms  et  fidls  pecuniam  cotidie  dat. 

[38.]  1.  The  king  praises  the  diligence  of  the  young 
men.  2.  The  words  of  the  orators  frighten  the  citi- 
zens. 3.  The  words  of  the  orators  frighten  the  minds 
of  the  citizens.  4.  The  shouts  of  the  citizens  frighten 
the  heart  of  the  queen.  5.  The  old  man  blames  the 
young  man,  the  young  man  the  old  man.  6.  The  let- 
ters of  their  mother  are  welcome  to  the  boys.  7.  The 
words  of  the  old  men  do  not  frighten  the  enemy. 
8.  The  words  of  the  orator  are  praised  by  the  citizens. 

[39.]  1.  Wars  are  never  welcome  to  mothers.  2.  The 
king  of  the  enemy  wastes  the  lands  of  the  citizens 
with  large  forces.  3.  The  diligence  of  the  soldiers  is 
praised  by  the  old  men.  4.  The  forces  of  the  enemy 
lay  waste  the  broad  lands  of  the  merchants.  5.  The 
boys  are  praised  by  their  fathers,  the  girls  by  their 
mothers.  6.  The  citizens  see  the  ships  of  the  enemy, 
and  the  royal  forces.  7.  My  father  blames  me,  my 
mother  praises  me.1  8.  The  merchant  gives  wine  to 
the  lord,  money  to  the  slave.  9.  The  royal  soldiers 
are  not  satisfied  with  the  king's  words.  10.  The  words 

1  Words  printed  in  italics  are  to  be  left  out. 


SEC.  16.]      Third  Declension,  Neuter  Nouns.          31 

of  the  old  men  are  not  always  welcome  to  the  minds 
of  the  young  men. 

Y.    Corioldnus. 
(The  words  will  be  found  in  the  Dictionary  on  p.  179.) 

Coriolanus,  clarus  Eomanorum  imperator,  plebi  Eo- 
manae  ob  superbiam  invisus  fuit.  Ex  urbe  igitur 
expulsus,  ad  Yolscos,  acerrimos  Eomanoruin  hostes, 
contendit.  Ab  Yolscis  dux  exercitus  factus,  copias 
Eomanas  saepe  vincit.  Denique  ad  urbem  summis 
Yolscorum  copiis  venit.  Frustra  legati  ex  urbe  veni- 
unt,  pacem-que  implorant.  Postremo,  Yeturia;  mater, 
et  Yolumnia,  uxor,  ex  urbe  veniunt ;  et,  lacrimis  pre- 
cibus-que  mulierum  commotus,  exercitum  removet. 
Ab  YolsciSj  autem,  ut  proditor  interficitur. 

SECTION   16. 
THIRD  DECLENSION  :  ENDINGS  or  NEUTER  NOUNS. 

Neuter  nouns  of  the  third  declension  have  the  same 
endings  as  other  nouns,  except  that,  like  all  neuter 
nouns,  the  nominative  and  accusative  in  both  numbers 
are  the  same,  and  that  these  cases  in  the  plural  end 
in  -a. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Nom.  "| 

and    ^  Nomen  nomin a. 
Yoc.    J 

Gen.       Nomin  is  nomin  um. 

Dat.        Nomin  I  nomin  ibus. 

Ace.        Nomen  nomin  a. 

Abl.        Nomin  e  nomin  ibus. 


hnrxTBBsxfri 


32  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  IG. 

[40.]  1.  Boma  caput  Italiae  est.  2.  Nomen  amici 
mei  Alexander  est.  3.  Pater  et  mater  pueris  nomina 
dant.  4.  Poeta  regmae  pulchrum  carmen  dat.  5.  Mar- 
cus caput  parvuin,  animum  magnum  habet.  6.  Pulchra 
poetae  carmina  saepe  laudantur.  7.  Series  tempora 
antiqua  semper  laudant.  8.  Nomina  librorum  tuorum 
amico  meo  non  sunt  nota.  9.  Nomiria  poetarum  et 
oratorum  magistro  nota  sunt.  10.  Patres  bom  pueris 
et  puellis  vmum  nunquam  dant.  11.  Marci  longuni, 
Balbi  magnum,  caput  est.  12.  Poetae  a  te,  oratore's  a 
me,  laudantur.  13.  Nomina  amicorum  meorum  Marco 
non  sunt  nota.  14.  Poeta  tempora  antiqua  longo  car- 
mine laudat.  15.  Juvenis  mercatori  pecuniam  tern- 
pore  dat. 

[41.]  1.  Marcus  praises  the  poet's  songs.  2.  Old 
men  praise  the  times  of  their  ancestors.  3.  The  girls 
adorn  the  queen's  head  with  roses.  4.  The  girls  see 
the  heads  of  the  old  men.  5.  The  heads  of  the  girls 
are  beautiful.  6.  The  poet's  songs  are  celebrated. 
7.  The  old  man  blames  the  times.  8.  The  boys  see 
your  head.  9.  The  soldiers  see  the  heads  of  the 
enemy.  10.  The  names  of  the  slaves  are  known  to 
the  lords. 

[42.]  1.  The  names  of  the  celebrated  poets  are 
known  to  the  citizens.  2.  Your  name  is  not  known 
to  my  mother.  3.  The  poet  praises  the  queen  in  a 
beautiful  song.  4.  The  boy  has  a  book  full  of  songs. 
5.  Marcus's  head  is  long  and  big.  6.  The  royal 
sailors  see  the  ships  of  the  enemy  in  time.  7.  The 
poets  praise  the  queen's  beautiful  songs.  8.  The 
names  of  the  slaves  are  known  to  the  merchants. 


SEC.  17.]     Third  Declension,  Neuter  Nouns.         33 

9.  The   orator   praises   a  part   of    the   poet's    song. 

10.  The  boy  has  a  book  full  of  songs.     11.  The  king 
is   not  satisfied  with  the  songs    of   the   royal   poet. 
12.  The  orator  praises  the  diligence  of  ancient  times. 


SECTION  17. 

THIRD  DECLENSION  :  NEUTER  CASE-ENDINGS  — 
(  Continued) . 

Neuter  nouns  ending  in  ~e,  -al,  or  -ar,  make  the 
ablative  singular  in  -i,  the  nominative  plural  in  -ia, 
and  the  genitive  plural  in  -ium :  — 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Nom.  •> 

and    f  Animal  animal  ia. 

Voc.   J 

Gen.       Animalis  animal  ium. 

Dat.        Animal  I  animal  ibus. 

Ace.        Animal  animal  ia. 

Abl.        Animal!  animal  ibus. 

W  *.* 

[43.]    1.  Gives  hostibus  magna  vectigalia  pendurit. 

2.  Servuin  in  conclavi  tuo  cotidie  videt.  3.  Equi  cal- 
caribus  incitantur.  4.  Parva  animalia  saepe  iinpigra, 
magna  pigra  sunt.  5.  Cives  regi  magnum  numerum 
vectigalium  pendunt.  6.  Praemia  saepe  calcaria  dili- 
gentiae  sunt.  7.  Eosae  in  horto,  libri  in  conclavi  tuo, 
sunt.  8.  Parva  animalia  magna  saepe  capita  habent. 
9.  In  conclavi  tuo  mult!  et  bom  libri  sunt.  10.  Equos 
calcaribus,  milites  praemiis,  incitant.  11.  Servi  libros 
tuos  in  sororis  tuae  conclavi  vident.  12.  Gives  ani- 


34  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  17. 

raos  militum  clamoribus  incitant.  13.  Marcus  merca- 
tori  magnam  pecuniam  pendit.  14.  Libri  bom  pueixx 
rum  animos  saepe  incitant.  15.  Servi  partem  regio- 
rum  conclavium  vident. 

[44.]  1.  The  enemy  pay  taxes  to  the  king.  2.  The 
citizens  pay  part  of  the  taxes  to  the  queen.  3.  Small 
animals  are  often  active.  4.  He  praises  the  diligence 
of  the  small  animals.  5.  The  girls  adorn  the  queen's 
rooms  with  roses.  6.  There  are  many  books  in  your 
room.  7.  The  enemy  urge  on  their  horses  with  the 
spur.  8.  The  poet  urges  on  the  soldiers  with  his  songs. 
9.  The  father  gives  a  horse  to  the  good  boy.  10.  Your 
room  is  full  of  books.  11.  The  king  is  satisfied  with 
a  small  tax.  12.  Balbus  urges  on  my  horse  with  the 
spur.  13.  The  rooms  of  the  king  are  high.  14.  The 
words  of  the  master  urge  on  the  lazy  boys.  15.  The 
queen  has  a  large  number  of  rooms. 

VI.    Theseus  and  Ariadne. 

In  Greta  msula  magnum  labyrinthum  Daedalus 
aedificavit,  plenum  viarum  flexuosarum.  In  medio 
labyrintho  foedum  monstrum,  taurus  partim,  partim 
homo,  habitabat.  Monstrum,  autem,  rex  Cretae,  sae- 
vus  homo,  captivis  sagmabat.  Inter  miserandas  illas 
victimas  quondam  erat  Theseus,  regulus  Atticus. 
Ariadne,  tamen,  filia  regis,  plena  misericordiae  et 
arnoris,  juveni  filum  longum  mirurn-que  gladium  dat. 
Intrat,  igitur,  labyrinthum,  filum-que  ad  portam  alli- 
gat.  Itaque  juvenis  auxilio  fill  certam  viam  in  vast! 
aedificii  flexuiis  servat.  Turn  gladio  monstrum  fell- 


SEC.  is.]    Gender  of  Nouns  by  Termination.         85 

citer  necat.  Nee  longa  mora  fuit.  Theseus  cum  filia 
regis  navi  trans  latum  mare  fugit.  Vesperi,  autem, 
ad  Naxum  msulam  veniunt.  Media,  tarn  en,  nocte 
Theseus,  ingratus  juvenis,  puellam  fidam  et  amantem 
deserit ;  solus-que  ad  patriam  redit. 


SECTION   18. 

THIRD  DECLENSION  :  GENDER  OF  NOUNS  BY 
TERMINATION. 

Masculine. 

General  rule :  —  Nouns  which  end  in  o,  or,  os,  er,  es 
(when  the  other  cases  of  nouns  in  -es  have  more  syl- 
lables than  the  nominative  singular),  are  masculine. 

Decline :  — 

Sermo  f acetus  witty  conversation. 

Magnus  clamor  a  loud  shout. 

Mos  antiquus  the  ancient  custom. 

Agger  altus  a  high  rampart. 

Pes  claudus  a  lame  foot. 

There  are  many  exceptions  to  this  and  the  follow- 
ing rules  —  mater,  mulier,  soror,  for  instance,  are  of 
course  feminine. 

[45.]    1.    Puer    magnos    et    longos    pedes    habet. 

2.  Senes  faceto  juvenis   sermone   saepe   delectantur. 

3.  Parvus  est  clarorum  oratorum  numerus.     4.  Senex 
mores   antlquos    et   tempora   antiqua   cotldie   laudat. 
5.  Mores  tui,  puer,  a  magistris  non  laudantur  !    6.  Mar- 
cus, puer  miser,  pedibus  claudus  est.     7.  Milites  im- 


36  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  is. 

pigri  equos  semper  calcaribus  incitant.  8.  Magni 
puerorum  clamores  matrem  terrent.  9.  Altus  hostium 
agger  animos  militum  terret.  10.  Magnae  hostium 
copiae  agros  regies  vastant.  11.  Marcum  et  Bal- 
bum,  amicos  meos,  in  hortis  regiis  vident.  12.  Multi 
dominl  fidis  servis  nunquam  sunt  content!. 

[46.]  1.  Witty  conversation  delights  old  men. 
2.  The  loud  shouts  frighten  the  girls.  3.  Balbus  has 
a  lame  foot.  4.  The  ramparts  of  the  enemy  are  long 
and  high.  5.  The  rampart  of  the  enemy  is  high. 
6.  The  merchants  often  give  wine  to  the  soldier.  7.  The 
songs  of  the  poets  are  known  to  my  father.  8.  The 
boy's  head  is  small,  his  feet  are  big.  9.  The  citizens 
pay  a  part  only  of  the  taxes  to  the  king.  10.  The 
old  man  blames  the  bad  manners  of  the  times. 

11.  The  royal  soldiers  urge  on  their  horses  with  spurs. 

12.  The  young  man  charms  the  old  man  with  his 
witty  conversation.     13.  The  master's  room  is  full  of 
books.     14.    The  king  fears  the  loud  shouts  of  the 
citizens.     15.  Small  animals  often  have  big  feet. 

[47.] l  1.  Multi  homines  carmina  non  amant.  2.  Mul- 
tis  hominibus  oratores  non  sunt  noti.  3.  Magister 
Balbi  mores  laudat,  Marci  culpat.  4.  Pulchri  colores 
florum  tuorum  a  rege  laudantur.  5.  Multi  et  pulchri 
flores  in  hortis  regils  sunt.  6.  Copiae  hostium  castra 
magno  aggere  circumdant.  7.  Marcus  et  Balbus  pedi- 
bus  claudi  sunt.  8.  Verba  equitum  animos  militum 
non  terrent.  9.  Prater  tuus  longo  sermone  nunquam 
delectatur.  10.  Castra  hostium  animos  equitum  non 

1  This  and  the  following  exercise  should  not  be  omitted,  as  new 
words  are  introduced. 


SEC.  is.]    Gender  of  Nouns  by  Termination.         37 

terrent.  11.  Me  flores  pulchri,  te  arma  equitum,  de- 
lectant.  12.  Prorae  navium  multis  floribns  ornantur. 
[48.]  1.  The  names  of  many  men  are  known  to  me. 
2.  The  beautiful  colours  of  the  flowers  delight  the 
girl.  3.  The  soldiers  surround  the  camp  with  a  high 
rampart.  4.  The  horsemen  urge  on  their  horses  with 
the  spurs.  5.  My  father  is  delighted  with  a  long  talk. 
6.  The  poet's  songs  delight  many  men.  7.  Your 
father  praises  the  beautiful  colours  of  the  flowers. 

8.  The  names  of  many  flowers  are  known  to  my  sister. 

9.  Lazy  men  are  always  unhappy.     10.  The  gardens 
are  full  of  beautiful  flowers.    11.  The  enemy's  cavalry 
lay  waste  the  royal  lands.     12.  The  king  surrounds 
the  rampart  with   a   high  rampart.     13.    Many  men 
never  pay  the  taxes.     14.  The  little  girl  gives  many 
flowers  to  the  queen.     15.  The  forces  of  the  enemy 
lay  waste  part  of  the  lands. 

VII.   A  Surprise. 

Bello  Aegyptio,  dum  milites  nostri  castra  faciunt, 
intenti-que  opere  sunt,  subito  speculatores  accurrunt. 
"Adeunt  hostes,"  clamant.  Et  statim  ex  arbustis  un- 
dique  hostes  exsurgunt,  et  multis  saevis-que  clamoribus 
in  castra  irruunt.  Nostri  confestim  arma  arripiunt. 
Pauci  extra  castra  orbes  faciunt ;  ceteii  ex  vallo  tela 
coniciunt.  Nostii  multos  amittunt :  tandem  hostes 
victi  recedunt.  Turn  horribile  spectaculum  circa  cas- 
tra nostra  efat.  Corpora  hominum,  camelorum,  equo- 
rum  mixta  jacent.  Inveniuntur,  etiam,  inter  mortuos 
ieminae  puerique  parvi.  Nostri,  tamen,  quamquam 


38  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  19. 

acii  proelio  fessT  sunt,  castra  conficiunt.  Neque  noc- 
turno  tempore  gemitus  hostium  vulneratorum  militi- 
bus  facultatem  quietis  dat. 


SECTION   19. 

THIRD  DECLENSION:  GENDER — (Continued). 
FEMININE  RULE. 

Those  nouns  in  the  third  declension  are  feminine 
which  end  in  is,  as,  cms,  x,  s  (following  another  con- 
sonant, es  (not  increasing). 

Decline :  — 

Navis  longa  a  long  ship  (a  war-ship). 

Media  aestas  midsummer. 

Summa  laus  the  highest  praise. 

Clara  vox  a  clear  voice. 

Magna  pars  a  large  part. 

Nigra  nubes  a  black  cloud. 

There  are  many  exceptions  to  this  rule  also  —  cms, 
liostis,  juvenis,  senex,  rex,  the  meaning  shows  to  be 
masculine. 

[49.]  1.  Naves  longae  hostium  mllites  nostros  non 
terrent.  2.  Laudes  tuae,  magister,  impigrum  puerum 
delectant !  3.  Magna  pars  oratorum  regem  et  regmam 
semper  culpat.  4.  Nautae  magnas  et  nigras  nubes 
timent.  5.  Vox  puellae  magnae  parti  juvenum  grata 
est.  6.  Tempora  nostra  et  mores  nostri  saepe  culpan- 
tur.  7.  Oratoris  sermo  facetus  me,  te  longa  verba, 
delectant.  8.  Poeta  parvos  pedes  et  pulchrum  caput 


SEC.  ID.]    Third  Declension,  Feminine  Rule. 

puellae  laudat.  9.  Nigrae  nubes  nautas  navium  regi- 
arum  terrerit.  10.  Laus  pueris  et  magistris,  servis  et 
dominis,  grata  est.  11.  Hostes  media  aestate  castra 
alto  aggere  circumdant.  12.  Aestas  senibus  et  juveni- 
bus,  pueris  et  puellis,  grata  est.  ,  ^ 

[50.]  1.  The  boys  see  the  war-ships  of  the  enemy. 
2.  Our  war-ships  are  known  to  the  enemy.  3.  Wine 
is  welcome  in  midsummer.  4.  Flowers  are  beautiful 
in  the  middle  of  summer.  5.  The  master  gives  the 
highest  praise  to  the  boys.  6.  The  girl's  clear  voice 
charms  the  young  men.  7.  The  black  clouds  frighten 
the  sailor.  8.  The  royal  sailors  fear  the  black  cloud. 

9.  The  boys  see  a  large  part  of 'the  ships.     10.  The 
master  praises  the  boy's  clear  voice.      11.  Our  king 
gives  the  lands  of  the  enemy  to  the  cavalry.    12.  Little 
animals  have  often  long  names.     13.  The  names  of  the 
active  young  men  are  known  to  the  king.     14.  Your 
sister's  beautiful  voice  delights  me.    15.  The  boy  gives 
a  large  part  of  the  beautiful  flowers  to  his  mother. 

[51.]  *  1.  Equites  regii  in  media  urbe  sunt.  2.  Laus 
pueri  auribus  matris  grata  est.  3.  Parva  animalia 
saepe  magnas  aures  habent.  4.  Media  nocte  equites 
castra  hostium  circumdant.  5.  Multae  urbis  nostrae 
partes  puero  notae  sunt.  6.  Nigrae  nubes  ab  equi- 
tibus  timentur.  7.  Media  aestate  pulchri  sunt  in 
hortls  regiis  florum  colores.  8.  Demosthenes,  clarus 
orator,  animos  civium  saepe  incitat.  9.  Multos  homi- 
nes antiqua  carmina  majorum  nostrorum  delectant. 

10.  Verba  patrum  et  matrum  saepe  pigros  pueros  in- 
citant.     11.  Prorae  navium  longarum  aestate  semper 

1  This  and  the  following  exercise  should  not  be  omitted. 


40  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  19. 

floribus  ornantur.     12.  Rex,  vir  bonus,  equitibus  impi- 
gris  pecuniam,  praemium  diligentiae,  dat. 

[52.]  1.  The  horses  are  lame  in  the  feet.  2.  Our 
city  is  known  to  many  men.  3.  The  girl's  clear  voice 
delights  our  ears.  4.  In  the  middle  of  the  night 
shouts  frighten  the  king.  5.  At  midnight  the  forces 
of  the  enemy  lay  waste  our  lands.  6.  Our  citizens  do 
not  fear  the  words  of  the  orators.  7.  The  girls  deco- 
rate the  queen's  head  with  flowers.  8.  My  brother 
is  charmed  with  your  conversation.  9.  The  girl  has 
small  and  beautiful  ears.  10.  Praise  is  welcome  to 
the  minds  of  many  men.  11.  Many  cities  are  known 
to  the  soldiers  and  sailors.  12.  A  great  number  of 
cities  pay  taxes  to  the  king.  13.  Your  letter  is  wel- 
come to  Our  mother.  4 14.  Our  master  is  not  satisfied 
with  our  diligence.  15.  In  midsummer  my  room  is 
always  full  of  flowers. 

VIII.    The  Roman  Army  fights  a  Serpent. 

Primo  bello  Punico  Roman!  castra  aliquando  in 
Africa  apud  Bagradam  flumen  ponunt ;  multisque  proe- 
liis  copias  hostium  egregia  militurn.  virtute  superant. 
Sed,  paucis  post  diebus,  apparet  serpens  ingentis  mag- 
nitudinis  ;  et  exercitum  fluminis  usu  prohibet.  Milites 
primo  ex  vallo  sagittis  telisque  serpentem  petunt; 
deinde  magnam  manum  Regulus  consul  educit.  Ser- 
pens multos  ingenti  ore  corripit ;  multos  caudae  volu- 
minibus  elidit ;  reliqui,  metu  perculsi,  ad  castra  cele- 
riter  fugiunt.  Proximo  die  totus  exercitus  in  campum 
educitur.  Diu  et  acriter  pugnatur.  Tandem  vero 


SEC.  20.]     Third  Declension,  Neuter  Rule,  41 

ballistas  et  catapultas  admovent :  crebris  lapidum 
vulneribus  serpens  interficitur.  Sanguis  autem  mon- 
stri  vicmum  flumen  imbuit ;  et  tota  regio  pestifero 
adflatu  polluitur.  Castra  igitur  Eomani  summovent. 
Cerium,  longum  pedes  centum  et  viginti,  Eomam  mit- 
tunt.  Gives  in  templo  ponunt. 


SECTION   2O. 
THIRD  DECLENSION  :   NEUTER  EULE. 

The  neuter  terminations  are  ar,  ur,  us,  I,  a,  n,  c,  e,  t. 

ar,  ur,  us. 

Decline :  — 

Calcar  acutum  a  sharp  spur. 

Crebrum  fulgur  the  frequent  lightning. 

Litus  longum  the  long  shore. 

[53.]  1.  Tempora  antiqua  laudat  senex,  nostra  cul- 
pat.  2.  Milites  nautas  hostium  et  naves  in  litore 
vident.  3.  Pueri  multa  genera  animalium  in  hortis 
vident.  4.  Equites  acuto  calcari  equos  semper  inci- 
tant.  5.  Crebra  fulgura  animos  puellarum  non  terrent. 
6.  Opera  Ciceronis  nota  sunt  seni  et  juvem.  7.  Non 
frigus,  non  nubes,  non  fulgura  te  terrent !  8.  Magnam 
vocem  militis  mulier  timet.  9.  Pueri  corpora  multo- 
rum  nautarum  in  litore  vident.  10.  Tempora  antiqua 
ab  oratoribus  et  poetis  laudantur.  11.  Magni  tui  cla- 
mor es  auribus  nostris  non  sunt  grati.  12.  Magnae 
hostium  copiae  cotidie  urbem  nostram  circumdant. 
13.  Milites  praemiis  regis  nunquam  sunt  content!. 


42  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  21. 

14.  Puellae  nigiis  nubibus  saepe  terrentur.  15.  Opera 
oratoris  et  poetae  a  multis  hominibus  laudantur. 

[54.]  1.  The  sailors  love  the  shore.  2.  The  en- 
emy's horses  fear  the  lightning,  3.  The  sister  gives 
spurs  to  the  brother.  4.  The  frequent  lightning- 
flashes  frighten  the  women.  5.  The  horseman's  spurs 
are  sharp.  6.  The  active  boy  does  not  fear  the  cold. 
7.  There  are  many  kinds  of  books.  8.  The  cold  to-day 
is  great.  9.  The  head  is  an  important  (magnus)  part 
of  the  body.  10.  In  midsummer  the  shore  is  wel- 
come. 

[55.]  1.  At  midnight  the  cold  is  often  great.  2.  Our 
men  see  the  ships  on  (m,  with  abl.)  the  shore.  3.  The 
works  of  the  orators  are  known  to  many.  4.  The  black 
clouds  frighten  the  sailors  of  the  war-ship.  5.  There 
are  many  gardens  in  our  city.  6.  There  are  flowers 
of  many  kinds  in  the  garden.  7.  My  father  praises 
the  poet's  works.  8.  The  girls  and  the  women  fear 
the  frequent  lightning-flashes.  9.  The  cavalry's  sharp 
spurs  urge  on  the  horses.  10.  The  soldiers  see  the 
bodies  of  the  enemy  on  the  shore. 


SECTION   21. 
THIRD  DECLENSION  :    NEUTER  RULE  —  ( Continued) . 

1,  a,  11,  c,  e,  t. 

Decline :  — 

Magnum  animal  a  large  animal. 

Pulchrum  poema  a  beautiful  poem. 

Flumen  latuin  the  broad  stream. 


SEC.  21.]      Third  Declension,  Neuter  Rule.  43 

Album  lac  luhite  milk. 

Latum  mare  the  wide  sea. 

Magnum  caput  a  big  head. 

[56.]  1.  Poemata  tua  ab  amicis  meis  saepe  laudan- 
tur.  2.  Nautae  media  aestate  latum  mare  transeunt. 
3.  Amicus  tuus  librum  in  conclavi  meo  legit.  4.  Magna 
hostium  corpora  nostros  milites  terrent.  5.  Matres 
pueris  fessis  multum  lac  dant.  6.  Multa  genera  ani- 
malium  in  lato  marl  sunt.  7.  Mercatores  naves  lios- 
tium  longas  timent.  8.  IMagister  clari  opera  Cicero- 
nis  cotidie  legit.  9.  Balbus  et  Marcus  amicis  meis 
nomina  sunt.  10.  Gives  magnam  vectlgalium  partem 
tempore  non  pendunt.  11.  Carmina  poetae  nostri  a 
multis  laudantur.  12,.  Puer  caput  latum,  pedes  mag- 
nos,  aures  parvas,  habet. 

[57.]  1.  Many  animals  have  not  feet.  2.  My  friends 
often  read  your  poem.  3.  There  are  many  streams  in 
the  lands  of  the  enemy.  4.  He  gives  milk  to  his 
sister,  wine  to  his  brother.  5.  Sailors  love  the  broad 
sea.  6.  The  royal  rooms  are  beautiful.  7.  My 
mother  is  tired  with  the  long  conversation.  8.  The 
forces  of  the  enemy  cross  the  broad  river.  9.  My 
father  is  always  reading  your  poems.  10.  Your  room 
charms  me.  11.  The  horse  crosses  the  broad  river. 
12.  The  girl  fears  rivers  and  seas.  13.  His  sister 
gives  some  milk  to  the  tired  boy.  14.  The  names  of 
many  books  are  known  to  the  boys.  15.  The  citizens 
pay  many  taxes  to  the  king. 


44  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  22. 

IX.   A  Battle. 

Caesar  media  nocte  castiis  omnibus  copiis  exit ;  et 
iter  ad  flumen  facit.  Nota  tamen  est  res  hostibus ; 
et  prlma  luce  nostri  copias  hostium  pedestres  in 
summo  colle  vident.  Turn  Caesar  in  dextro  et  sinis- 
tro  cornu  equites  collocat,  et  militum  animos  paucis 
verbis  ad  pugnam  incitat.  "Milites,  omnis  spes  civi- 
tatis  Komanae  in  virtute  nostra  est ;  fortibus  victoria 
est.J^  Hostes  piimo  sinistruui  exercitus  latus,  deinde 
dextrum  carpunt ;  postremo  in  medios  ordines  impe- 
tuni  faciunt.  Longa  et  acris  pugna,  crebra  vulnera. 
Non  terrent  nostros  ingentia  hostium  corpora,  mag- 
nique  clarnores.  Pugnam  in  manibus  faciunt,  et  brevi 
tempore  hostes  ex  omnibus  partibus  superant.  Dux 
hostium  in  manus  nostras  incidit.  Caesar  egregiam 
militum  virtutem  laudat;  et  omnibus  praemia  dat. 
Turn  summa  celeritate  donium  redeunt,  et  a  civibus 
magna  laude  excipiuntur. 

SECTION  22. 

EXCEPTIONS  TO  THE  GENDER  EULES  FOB  THE  THIKD 
DECLENSION. 

There  are,  as  has  been  said,  many  exceptions  to 
these  rules.  Nouns  in  -6  are  masculine,  but  those  in 
-10,  -do,  -go  are  feminine.  Oratid,  multitudo,  imago,  are 
therefore  feminine.  There  are  also  many  exceptions 
to  the  rule  that  the  termination  -is  is  feminine.  Men- 
sis  and  finis,  for  instance,  with  many  others,  are  mas- 
culine. 


SEC.  22.]     Exceptions  to  the  Gender  Rules.          45 

[58.]  1.  Orationes  Ciceronis  a  magistro  nostro  co- 
tidie  laudantur.  2.  Copiae  hostium  media  aestate 
fines  nostros  vastant.  3.  Nostri  magnis  copiis  mense 
Januario  castra  hostium  circumdant.  4.  Naves  longae 
hostium  media  nocte  inare  transeunt.  5.  Marco  mag- 
nae  sunt  aures,  Alexandra  parvae.  6.  Mense  Junio  pul- 
chri  sunt  in  hortls  nostris  flores.  7.  Nostra  urbs 
magnos  et  latos  fines  habet.  8.  Magna  hostium  mul- 
titudo  agros  nostros  vastat.  9.  Pulchra  imago  Cice- 
ronis, oratoris  clari,  conclave  meum  ornat.  10.  Nautae 
nostri  magnam  navium  longarum  multitudinem  in 
litore  vident.  11.  Poemata  tua  a  multis  hominibus 
leguntur  et  laudantur.  12.  Fratrum  Marcus  piger, 
Alexander  fessus,  est. 

[59.]  1.  The  orations  of  our  king  are  known  to 
many  men.  2.  The  cavalry  of  the  enemy  lay  waste 
our  territories.  3.  Many  busts  of  our  ancestors  adorn 
our  rooms.  4.  In  the  month  of  January  our  ships 
cross  the  sea.  5.  There  is  a  great  multitude  of  ani- 
mals in  the  sea.  6.  Many  men  praise  my  speeches. 
7.  Our  king  has  great  and  wide  territories.  8.  They 
see  a  great  multitude  of  the  enemy.  9.  In  the  month 
of  June  he  crosses  the  sea.  10.  They  read  the  cele- 
brated orations  every  day. 

[60.]  1.  Many  horsemen  are  crossing  the  river. 
2.  The  citizens  blame  the  king's  long  speech.  3.  The 
voices  of  the  king  and  queen  are  known  to  the  citi- 
zens. 4.  A  beautiful  image  of  the  queen  adorns  the 
king's  room.  5.  Our  sailors  are  not  afraid  of  black 
clouds.  6.  The  enemy's  cavalry  lay  waste  the  royal 
territories.  7.  The  king  and  queen  are  beloved  by 


\ 


46 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


[SEC.  23. 


the  citizens.  8.  Lightning  is  frequent  in  the  month  of 
June.  9.  The  master  gives  wine  to  the  tired  slaves. 
10.  There  is  a  multitude  of  flowers  in  the  gardens. 


SECTION   23. 
ADJECTIVES  OF  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION. 

Adjectives  of  this  declension  are  not  so  fully  de- 
clined as  those  of  the  second  declension.  They  have 
seldom  three  forms  for  the  three  genders,  arid  often 
only  one.  Those  that  end  in  -is  are  thus  declined :  — 

Fortis,  brave.     Stem,  forti. 

SINGULAR. 

Masc.  and  Fein.  Neut. 
Nom.  ^ 

and  }•  Fortis  forte. 
Voc.   J 

Gen.       Fort  is  fort  is. 

Dat.        Forti  forti. 

Ace.        Fort  em  fort  e. 

Abl.        Forti  forti. 

PLURAL. 

Masc.  and  Fern.  Neut. 
Nom.  "| 

and  >  Fortes  fortia. 
Voc.    J 

Gen.       Fortium  fortium. 

Dat.        Fortibus  fortibus. 

Ace.        Fortes,  -is  fortia. 

Abl.        Fortibus  fortibus. 


SEC.  23.]    Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension.      47 

[61.]    1.    Omne   genus    animalium    capita    habet. 

2.  Omni  tempore  amici  hominibus  grati  sunt.     3.  Clas- 
sis  Boinana  media  aestate  mare  transit.     4.  Equites 
Bom  am  omnes  hostium  copias   superant.     5.  Mense 
Junio  breves,  Januario  longae,  noctes  sunt.     6.  Bex 
Marcum,    virum    fortem    et    bonum    civem,    laudat. 

7.  Senex   majores,    viros    fortes    et    graves,    laudat. 

8.  Oratio  regis  a  Marco,  forti  viro,  laudatur.     9.  Ima- 
gines  ma  jorum,    virorum    fortium,    conclave    regium 
ornant.     10.    Omne   genus   operum    militibus   notum 
est.     11.  Gravia  magistri  verba  et  me  et  te  incitant. 
12.    Orationes  regis  graves  sunt,  et  ab  omnibus  lau- 
dantur. 

[62.]    1.    Our   slaves   are   both    (et)    faithful   and 
brave.     2.   The   prows  of  the  war-ships  are  heavy. 

3.  The  oration  is  long,  the  poem  short.     4.  Balbus 
praises  the  diligence  of  all  his  friends.     5.  In  mid- 
winter our  fleet  overcomes  the  Eomans.     6.  Our  ships 
overcome  the  Eoman  fleet.     7.  Winter  is  the  time  of 
long  nights,  summer  of  short.     8.  All  the  works  of 
Cicero  are  known  to  our  master.     9.  The  boy's  head 
is  long,  his  body  short.     10.  Marcus's  voice  is  clear, 
Alexander's  deep  (grams).    11.  All  the  enemy's  forces 
lay  waste  our  territories.     12.  The  enemy's  war-ships 
are   seen   on  the   long  shore.      13.    The  horseman's 
spurs  are  big  and  heavy.     14.  The  enemy  pay  a  large 
sum  of  money  to  the  Eomans.     15.  The  words  of  the 
queen  are  praised  by  Balbus,  a  brave  citizen. 


48 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


[SEC.  24. 


SECTION   24. 

ADJECTIVES  OF  THE  THIRD  DECLENSION — (Continued). 
Sapiens  and  auddx  are  declined  thus  :  — 


SINGULAR. 

Masc.  and  Fern. 

Neut. 

Norn.  ^ 

and  f  Sapiens 
Voc.    J 

sapiens. 

Gen.       Sapient  is 
Dat.        Sapient  i 
Ace.        Sapient  em 
Abl.       Sapient  I,  e 

sapient  is. 
sapient  I. 
sapiens, 
sapient  I,  e. 

PLURAL. 

Masc.  and  Fern. 

Neut. 

Nom.  ^| 

and  >  Sapient  es 
Voc.    J 

sapient  ia. 

Gen.       Sapient  ium 
Dat.        Sapient  ibus 
Ace.        Sapient  es,  is 
Abl.        Sapient  ibus 

sapient  ium. 
sapient  ibus. 
sapient  ia. 
sapient  ibus. 

SINGULAR. 

Masc.  and  Fern. 

Neut. 

Nom.  -| 

and    Y  Audax 
Voc.    J 

audax. 

Gen.       Audacis 

audacis. 

Dat.        Audac  I 

audaci. 

Ace.        Audac  em 

audax. 

Abl.        Audaci,  e 

audaci,  e. 

SEC.  24.]    Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension.      49 


Masc.  and  Fern.  Neut. 
Noin.  -| 

and    f  Audiices  audacia. 
Voc.    J 

Gen.       Audacium  audacium. 

Dat.        Audacibus  audacibus. 

Ace.       Audaces,  is  audacia. 

Abl.       Audacibus  audacibus. 

[63.]  1.  Mhil  sapientium  animos  terret.  2.  Parva 
puella  ingens  animal  timet.  3.  Rex  mereatoribus 
ingentem  pecuniam  dat.  4.  Opera  Ciceronis  pueris 
saepe  difficilia  sunt.  5.  Dominus  servo,  opere  diffi- 
cili  fesso,  vmum  dat.  6.  Oratio  regis  longa,  reginae 
brevis,  est.  7.  Omnia  fortibus  et  audacibus  facilia 
sunt.  8.  Puer  animo  audaci  mare  media  hieme  tran- 
sit. 9.  Pater  tuus,  vir  sapiens,  opera  Ciceronis  legit. 

10.  Omnia  litora  nostri  maris  nautis  audacibus  nota 
sunt. 

[64.]  1.  Nothing  is  difficult  to  active  men.  2.  The 
boy  does  not  fear  the  huge  body  of  the  enemy. 
3.  Praise  is  welcome  to  all  men.  4.  To  the  daring 
mind  nothing  is  difficult.  5.  The  names  of  the  wise 
men  are  known  to  the  boys.  6.  The  bodies  of  our 
enemies  are  huge.  7.  The  days  are  short  in  the  month 
of  January.  8.  The  royal  forces  overcome  our  cavalry. 
9.  The  heads  of  many  animals  are  huge.  10.  Many 
works  are  difficult  to  the  lazy,  easy  to  the  active. 

11.  The  cold  in  winter  is  great  and  severe  (grams). 

12.  The  ships  of  our  fleet  are  enormous. 


50 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


[SEC.  25. 


SECTION  25. 
ADJECTIVES  OF  THE  THI^D  DECLENSION  —  (Continued). 

Adjectives  in  -er  of  the  third  declension  have  three 
endings  in  the  nominative  singular,  and  are  declined 
like  acer :  — 


Acer,  brave 

,  eager.     Stem, 

acri. 

SINGULAR. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Norn.  -^ 

\   - 

and 

>  Acer 

acris 

acr  e. 

Voc.   J 

1 

Gen. 

Acris 

acris 

acris. 

Dat. 

Acri 

acri 

acri. 

Ace. 

Acr  em 

acr  em 

acre. 

Abl. 

Acri 

acri 

acri. 

PLURAL. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Nom.  i 

1 

and 

y  Acres 

acres 

acria. 

Voc.   J 

1 

Gen. 

Acrium 

acr  ium 

acr  ium. 

Dat. 

Acribus 

acr  ibus 

acr  ibus. 

Ace. 

Acres,  is 

acr  es,  is 

acria. 

Abl. 

Acribus 

acr  ibus 

acr  ibus. 

The  one  adjective  celer  is  thus  declined :  — 
Celer,  swift.     Stem,  celeri. 


SEC.  25.]    Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension.       51 


SINGULAR. 


Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Nom.  -\ 
and    >  Celer 
Voc.   J 

celer  is 

celer  e. 

Gen.       Celer  is 

celeris 

celeris. 

Dat.        Celer  I 

celer  I 

celer  I. 

Ace.       Celer  em 

celer  em 

celer  e. 

Abl.        Celer  I 

celer  i 

celer  I. 

Masc. 
Nom.  -^ 

and    f  Celer  es 
Voc.   J 

Gen.       Celer  um 
Dat.        Celer  ibus 
Ace.        Celer  es,  is 
Abl.        Celer  ibus 


PLURAL. 

Fern. 
celer  es ' 

celer  um 
celer  ibus 
celer  es,  is 
celer  ibus 


Neut. 
celer  ia. 

celer  um. 
celer  ibus. 
celer  ia. 
celer  ibus. 


[65.]    1.  Domini  acris  vox  omnibus  servis  nota  est. 

2.  Classis    Eomana   mense    Decembri   mare   transit. 

3.  Navis  hostium  celeris  brevi  tempore  nostrum  mare 
transit.     4.  Equites   Eomani  copias   hostium  pedes- 
tres  superant.     5.  Eqm  equitum  celerum  fessi  sunt. 

6.  Milites   a  Marco,  acii  viro  et  irnpigro,  laudantur. 

7.  Mense   Decembrv  magnum   et   acre    saepe    frigus 
est.     8.  Equites  celeres  equos  calcaribus  acutis  inci- 
tant.     9.  Copiae  nostrae  pedestres  ab  equitibus  hos- 
tium superantur.     10.  Puer  miser  sinistra  aure  surdus, 
pede  dextro  claudus  est. 

[66.]  1.  Quick  horses  delight  the  horseman.  2.  Noth- 
ing is  difficult  to  the  daring  young  man.     3.  The  quick 


52  Shorter  Latin  Cnnrse.  [SEC.  25. 

cavalry  of  the  enemy  overcome  our  forces.  4.  The 
boy  sees  the  horses  of  the  quick  cavalry.  5.  Marcus 
is  a  spirited  and  active  man.  6.  The  enemy's  horses 
are  spirited,  their  horsemen  active.  7.  Nothing  is 
difficult  for  the  daring  horsemen.  8.  In  the  month  of 
December  the  nights  are  long.  9.  Our  men  overcome 
the  infantry  forces  of  the  enemy.  10.  The  enemy 
overcome  our  men  in  a  short  time.  11.  The  soldier 
is  lame  in  the  left  foot.  12.  The  active  sailors  cross 
the  sea  every  day. 

X.   A  Roman  Account  of  Britain. 

Omnium  insularum,  quae  Eomanis  notae  sunt,  max- 
ima est  Britannia ;  et  Insulas,  quidem,  nostri  maris  ! 
multis  partibus  superat.  Hominum  est  infinita  mul- 
titudo;  crebra  aedificia;  pecorum  magnus  numerus. 
Arborum  omnium  generum  copia  est.  Aurum,  et  ar- 
geiitum,  et  alia  metalla,  inveniuntur.  Frigus  non  est 
magnum;  caelum  autem  crebris  imbribus  ac  nebulis 
foedum.  Unum  latus  insulae  ad  Galliam,  alterum  ad 
Hispaniam,  alterum  ad  Germaniam  spectat.  Incola- 
rum  hfimanissiml  sunt  qui  Cantium  incolunt :  nam  hue 
naves  ex  Gallia  omnes  et  mercatores  veniunt.  Galli, 
ut  est  fama,  hanc  maritimam  partem  occupabant ;  aedi- 
ficia Gallicis  similia,  mores  idem,  sermo  haud  multum 
diversus.  Non  notae  sunt  Britannis  segetes,  sed 
lacte  et  carne  vivunt,  pellibusque  vestiuntur.  Cor- 
pora vitro  mficiunt,  quod  caeruleum  efficit  colorem. 
Crines  long!  sunt;  labrum  superius  non  radunt.  In 
bello  ingenti  virtute  pugnant. 

1  "  Our  sea  "  to  a  Roman  is  the  Mediterranean. 


SEC.  25.]  Recapitulatory  Exercises.  53 


KECAPITULATORY  EXERCISES.* 

A.  1.  Balbus,  vir  fortis  et  sapiens,  dextro  pede  clau- 
dus,  et  sinistra  aure  surdus,  est.     2.  Multorum  homi- 
num  animi  pecunia  et  praemils  incitantur.     3.  Omnia 
Quint 6,  vir 6  forti  et  impigro,  facilia  sunt.     4.  Bex 
sermone    Marci,    facet!    hominis,    saepe    delectatur. 
5.  Poeta,  vir  sapiens,  carmina  regis  nunquam  non  lau- 
dat.     6.  Diligentia  servi  nigii,  fidl  et  impigri  hominis, 
saepe  a  domino  laudatur.     7.  Prorae  navium  nostra- 
rum  hodie  a  nantis  floribus   ornantur.      8.  Mulieres 
miserae  crebro  fulgure   et  nigrls  nubibus   terrentur. 
9.  Mores  antiquorum  temporum  semper   ab  oratore, 
summo  viro,  laudantur.     10.  Animi  matrum  clamori- 
bus   audacium   hostium   terrentur.      11.  Eegem  hos- 
tium,   ingentem  hominem,   nihil   terret.      12.    Verba 
Ciceronis,  summi  viri  et  boni   civis,  omnibus  grata 
sunt. 

B.  1.  In  the  month  of  December  the  soldiers  are 
not  in  arms.     2.  My  friends  are  charmed  with  our 
letter.     3.  They  give  milk  to  the  little  girls,  wine  to 
the  big  boys.     4.  The  lazy  (plur.)  praise  the  body, 
the  wise  the  mind.     5.  The  winter  is  keen,  and  the 
cold  severe  (gravis).    6.  The  unfortunate  (miser)  slave 
has  many  things  on  his  head.     7.  The  Eoman  fleet 
does  not  cross  the  sea  in  mid-winter.     8.  At  midnight 
the  cold  is  often  great.     9.  The  works  of  Cicero,  a 
good  citizen,  charm  all  men.     10.  The  brother's  voice 
is  deep,  the  sister's  shrill. 

1  To  be  omitted  or  not  at  discretion. 


54  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  25. 

C.  1.    Quintus    has   black,    Marcus   white   slaves. 

2.  The  praises  of  our  ancestors  are  not  always  pleas- 
ing to  our  ears.     3.  The  frequent  lightning  delights 
the  boy  and  frightens  the  girl.     4.  A  great  number 
of  ships  are  seen  on  the  shore  in  winter.     5.  Our  city 
has  a  great  number  of  taxes.     6.  The  old  men  pay 
the  money  to  the  merchant  in  time.     7.   The   sharp 
spurs  of  the  cavalry  frighten  the  unfortunate  horses. 

8.  Nothing  is  difficult  to  the  active  and  daring  boy. 

9.  The   young   man  likes  few  words,  the   old   man 
many.     10.   The  Roman  soldiers  surround  the  camp 
with  a  high  and  broad  rampart. 

D.  1.  He  has  books  of  all  kinds  in  his  room ;  he 
never  reads  them.     2.  My  friends  Marcus  and  Quintus 
are   always    praising  the  diligence  of  their  fathers. 

3.  The  sailors  praise  the  king's  long  speech  with  loud 
shouting.     4.    My  brother  is  reading  the  old  man's 
long   poem  with  great  industry.     5.    The   names    of 
many  animals  are  known  to  the  wise.     6.  The  mer- 
chant often  crosses  the  sea  in  a  small  and  swift  ship. 
7.  The  king  gives  a  beautiful  likeness  of  the  poet  to 
the  queen.     8.  My  room  is  full  of  your  books.     9.  The 
infantry  forces  of  the  enemy  are  defeated  every  day 
by  our  cavalry.     10.    In  the  middle  of  the  summer 
the  royal  forces   cross  the  river,  and  lay  waste  the 
territories  of  the  enemy. 


SEC.  26.]  Fourth  Declension.  55 

SECTION   26. 

THE  FOURTH  DECLENSION. 

These  nouns  end  either  in  -us  or  -u.  Those  that 
end  in  -us  are,  as  a  rule,  masculine ;  those  that  end  in 
-u  are  always  neuter.  The  stem  ends  in  u. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Nom.  ^ 

and  >•  Exercit  us  exercitus. 

Voe.  J 

Gen.  Exercitus  exercituum. 

Dat.  Exercitui  (u)  'exercitibus. 

Ace.  Exercitum  exercitus. 

Abl.  Exercit  u  exercit  ibus . 

[67.]  1.  Exercitui  Romano  et  copiae  pedestres  et 
equites  sunt.  2.  Fluctus  ingentes  miseram  navem  in 
Htus  agunt.  3.  Crebri  hostium  impetus  nostros  in  mare 
agunt.  4.  ISTihil  exercitibus  Romams  difficile  est. 

5.  Hostes  magno  impetuum  numero  nostros  superant. 

6.  Puer  piger  a  magistro,  viro  acri  et  sapiente,  culpa- 
tur.     7.   Nostri  brevem  et  acreni  impetum  in  hostes 
faciunt.     8.  Media  hieme  fluctus  saepe  ingentes   sunt. 
9.  Sapiens  non  nubes,  non  fulgura,  non  fluctuum  im- 
petum, timet.     10.  Hostes  equos  calcaribus  incitant, 
et  magnum  in  nostros  impetum  faciuut. 

[68.]  1.  Nothing  is  difficult  to  our  army.  2.  The 
enemy  by  a  quick  attack  overcome  our  men.  3.  The 
force  of  the  waves  drives  the  ship  on  to  (in,  with  ace.) 
the  shore.  4.  The  cavalry  make  a  charge  on  our  foot- 
forces.  5.  The  Roman  armies  are  often  defeated  by 


56  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  27. 

the  enemy.  6.  The  old  man  is  lame  to-day  in  his  left 
foot.  7.  The  daring  sailor  does  not  fear  the  rush  of 
the  waves.  8.  The  foot-forces  cross  the  broad  river. 
9.  The  frequent  attacks  of  the  enemy  frighten  our 
men.  10.  Marcus  is  always  active ;  Balbus  does  (agit) 
nothing.  11.  In  the  month  of  December  there  is 
nothing  in  our  garden.  12.  The  enemy  have  many 
kinds  of  ships. 


SECTION   27. 

EOURTH  DECLENSION — (Continued). 
Neuter  nouns  in  -u  are  declined  like  cornu :  — 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Nom.  ^ 

and  >  Cornu  cornua. 

Voc.  J 

Gen.  Corn  us  cornuum. 

Dat.  Cornu  cornibus. 

Ace.  Cornu  cornua. 

Abl.  Cornu  cornibus. 

A  few  nouns  in  -us  are  feminine ;  for  example,  mo, 
nus,  a  hand,  and  quercus,  an  oak  (as  nearly  all  names 
of  trees). 

[69.]    1.  Cornua  multorum  animalium  acuta  sunt, 

2.  Dextrum  nostrorurn  cornu  ab  hostibus  superatur. 

3.  Multae  et  antiquae  quercus  in  horto  sunt.     4.  Aves 
parvae  media  aestate  in  hortis  canunt.      5.  Equitum 
pars  in  sinistro  cornu,  pars  in  dextro,  est.     6.  Magna 


SEC.  28.]  Fourth  Declension.  57 

avium  nmltitudo  in  summa  quercu *  canit.  7.  Puella 
manus  parvas  et  parvos  pedes  habet.  8.  Dextrum 
exercitus  cornu  acrem  impetum  in  nostros  facit. 

9.  Multae  naves   hodie  in   magno   portu  sunt.      10. 
Aures,    manus,    pedes    partes    corporum    nostrorum 
sunt. 

[70.]  1.  Many  animals  have  horns.  2.  All  the 
cavalry  are  on  the  right  wing.  3.  The  waves  drive 
the  ship  into  harbour.  4.  The  harbours  are  full  of 
war-ships.  5.  The  boy  has  large  hands  and  small 
feet.  6.  The  master  has  a  book  in  his  left  hand. 

7.  Many  birds  are  singing  on  the  top  of   the   oak. 

8.  The  harbour  is  welcome  to  the  'tired  sailors.    9.  The 
force  of  the  waves  drives  the  war-ships  into  harbour. 

10.  The  whole  army  is  in  the  territories  of  the  Ger- 
mans.    11.  The  boy  has  a  book  in  his  left  hand,  a 
flower  in  his  right.     12.  All  the  harbours  of  our  shore 
are  known  to  the  sailors. 


SECTION   28. 
FOURTH  DECLENSION —  (Continued). 

Domus,  a  house,  belongs  to  this  declension,  though 
some  of  its  cases  are  formed  according  to  the  second 
declension.  In  gender  it  is  feminine. 

1  Summus  "highest,"  but  summa  quercus  means  not  "the 
highest  oak,"  but  "the  oak  where  it  is  highest,"  i.e.  "  the  top  of 
the  oak." 


58  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  28. 


Shorter  Latin 

Course.               [ 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

Nom.  - 

| 

and 

>  Domus 

domus. 

Yoc.   . 

J 

Gen. 

Dom  us 

domuum  or  orum. 

Dat. 

Dom  ui  or  5 

domibus. 

Ace. 

Domum 

domos  or  us. 

Abl. 

Dom  6  or  u 

domibus. 

At  home,  donii. 
(To)  home,  domum. 
From  home,  domo. 

[71.]  1.  Marcus  amicum  meum  domi  tuae  saepe 
videt.  2.  Magnum  domorum  numerum  aedificant  mer- 
catores.  3.  Miles  aestate  domo  exit,  hieme  domum 
redit.  4.  Mater  mea  hodie  foris,  pater  domi  est. 

5.  Servi  mane  domo  exeunt,  vesper!  redeunt  domum. 

6.  Classis    E/omana    media    nocte    in   portum   redit. 

7.  Vesper!  impetus  fluctuum  naveni  in  portum  agit. 

8.  Mane  equites  in  agros  hostium  exeunt.      9.  Aves 
parvas  domos  in  summa  quercu  faciunt.     10.  Multae 
imagines  majorum  domum  nostram  ornant. 

[72.]  1.  The  boy  returns  home  every  day.  2.  In 
winter  old  men  are  always  at  home.  3.  My  friend  is 
satisfied  with  our  house.  4.  The  merchant's  house  is 
large,  the  master's  small.  5.  The  boys  return  home 
in  the  month  of  December.  6.  Marcus  is  always  at 
home,  Balbus  out  of  doors.  7.  The  merchant  builds 
many  houses  for  his  slaves.  8.  On  the  left  wing  are 
the  servants  of  the  horsemen.  9.  The  king  is  build- 
ing a  big  harbour  for  the  citizens.  10.  Many  animals 


SEC.  29.]  Fifth  Declension.  59 

have  not  hands.  11.  The  daring  boys  are  on  the  top 
of  the  oak.  12.  My  mother  never  goes  out  from  home 
in  the  winter. 


SECTION   29. 
THE  FIFTH  DECLENSION. 

The  nouns  of  this  declension  end  in  -es,  and  are 
feminine.  The  stem  ends  in  e. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Res,  thing. 
Norn.  -| 

and    j^Res  res. 

Voc.   J 

Gen.       Rei  rerum. 

Dat.        Rei  rebus. 

Ace.        Rem  res. 

Abl.        Re  rebus. 

Dies,  however,  is  masculine,  though  in  the  singular 
sometimes  feminine.  Dies  and  Res  alone  are  complete 
in  the  plural.  Spes  and  others  have  Nom.  and  Ace. 
plural. 

[73.]  1.  Balbus  rebus  in  adversis  contento  animo 
est.  2.  Magna  est  spes  vlctoriae  in  animis  fortium 
militum.  3.  Naves  hieme  portu  nunquam  exeunt. 

4.  Servl  domino  ingentem  domum  in  litore  aedificant. 

5.  Marcus  multos  dies  domi  meae  manet.     6.  Opera 
Ciceronis  magnam  partem  die!  legunt.     7.  Mercator 
nunquam  domi  est ;  semper  mare  transit.     8.  Sapiens 
rebus  in  adversis  bonam  spem  habet.     9.  Copiae  nos- 


60  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  29. 

trae  paucos  dies  in  fmibus  hostium  manent.  10.  Ee- 
bus  in  secundis  pauci,  multi  in  secundis,  hominibus 
amici  sunt. 

[74.]  1.  Adversity  does  not  frighten  the  minds  of 
the  wise.  2.  Marcus  does  many  things  every  day. 

3.  In  "the   evening  the  sailors  return  into  harbour. 

4.  The  days  are  short  to  the  active,  long  to  the  lazy. 

5.  The  wise  man  never  fears  adversity.     6.  All  the 
hope  of  the  soldiers  is  in  the  king.     7.  Adversity  is 
known  to  all  men.     8.  There  is  a  hope  of  prosperity 
in  the  minds  of  the  citizens.     9.  The  boys  are  often 
out  of  doors  in  the  summer.      10.  The  young  men 
have  good  hopes.     11.  The  boys  remain  at  home  for 
a  few  days  (ace.).     12.  The  hope  of  victory  urges  on 
the  minds  of  the  soldiers. 

XI.   A  Ghost. 

Athenodorus,  philosophus,  spatiosam  et  capacem 
domum  Athems  exiguo  pretio  emit.  Aliquot  dies  ibi 
feliciter  habitabat.  Tandem  per  silentium  iioctis,  dum 
librum  legit,  strepitum  vinculorum,  longius  primo, 
deinde  e  proximo,  audit.  Mox  apparet  senex :  6s  pal- 
lidum  est ;  corpus  macie  conf ectuni ;  vestes  squalidae ; 
longa  barba ;  capillus  horridus ;  criiribus  compedes, 
manibus  catenas,  gerit  quatitque.  Stat  monstrum, 
digitoque  Athenodoro  adnuit.  Surgit  philosophus, 
tollitque  lumen,  effigiem  secuturus.  Ibat  ilia  lento 
gradu :  sequitur  Athenodorus.  Tandem  deflexit  in 
aream  domus  :  tune  dilapsa  deserit  comitem.  Atheno- 
dorus slgnum  loco  ponit.  Postero  die  locum  effodit  ; 
inveniuntur  ossa  catenis  implicita. 


SEC. so.]  The  Comparative.  61 

SECTION   3O. 

THE  COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES  :  THE  COMPARA- 
TIVE. 

Altus,  high  ;  alt  ior,  higher. 

Gratus,  welcome ;     grat  ior,  more  welcome. 
Brevis,  short;          brevior,  shorter. 

Altior,  gratior,  brevior  are  called  the  comparatives  of 
altus,  gratus,  brevis,  which  are  termed  their  positives. 

To  form  the  comparative,  the  rule  is  to  take  the 
genitive  singular  of  the  adjective,  arid  change  the  -i  or 
-is  into  -ior;  so  — 

altus  —  gen.  alti    —    comp.  altior 
brevis  —  gen.  brevis  —  comp.  brevior 

There  are  three  degrees  of  comparison,  —  Positive, 
Comparative,  Superlative. 

The  comparative  is  thus  declined :  — 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Masc.  and  Fern.     Neut.  Masc.  and  Fern.       Neut. 
Norn,  -j 

and    >  Brevior  brevius  brevior  es         brevior  a. 
Voc.    J 

Gen.       Brevior  is  brevior  is  brevior  um       brevior  um. 

Dat.        Brevior  i  brevior  i  brevior  ibus    brevior  ibus. 

Ace.        Brevior  em  brevius  brevior  es,  is  brevior  a. 

Abl.        Brevior  e,  I  brevior  e,  i    brevior  ibus     brevior  ibus. 

[75.]  1.  Aestate  quam  hieme  noctes  breviores  sunt. 
2.  Magister  verbis  gravioribus  puerum  culpat.  3.  Opera 


62  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  so. 

Ciceronis  quam  Caesaris  difficiliora  sunt.  4.  Poetae 
Graeci  quam  Roman!  clariores  sunt.  5.  Milites  regein 
de  omnibus  rebus  certiorem  faciunt.  6.  Caesar  milites 
de  adventu  regis  certiores  facit.  7.  Puerl  quam  puel- 
lae  audaciores  sunt.  8.  Longiores  hodie  epistulae 
sunt.  9.  Fulgura  aestate  quam  hieme  crebriora  sunt. 
10.  Agger  noster  quain  nostrum  altior  est.  11.  Pro- 
rae  nostrarum  navium  quam  hostium  altiores  sunt. 
12.  Ees  adversae  liominibus  saepe  quam  res  secundae 
utiliores  sunt. 

[76.]  1.  The  Romans  are  more  daring  than  the 
enemy.  2.  Julia  is  more  beautiful  than  Cornelia. 
3.  Horses  are  more  useful  to  men  than  birds.  4.  Your 
arrival  was  more  welcome  than  mine  to  our  father. 
5.  Balbus  has  braver  slaves  than  Quintus.  6.  Marcus's 
conversation  is  wittier  than  Quintus's.  7.  The  days 
are  shorter  in  winter  than  in  summer.  8.  The  enemy 
make  a  more  vigorous  (acer)  attack  to-day.  9.  Caesar 
informs  the  soldiers  about  (de,  with  abl.)  all  matters. 
10.  The  soldiers  inform  Caesar  about  the  enemy's 
charge.  11.  The  soldiers  are  braver  than  the  citizens. 

12.  The  mind  is  more  useful  to  men  than  the  body. 

13.  Things  are  more  useful  than  words.     14.    Your 
poem  is   more  beautiful  than  that   of  your  brother. 
15.  Marcus  informs  his  father  of  the  arrival  of  the 
merchant. 

Niliil  utilius  quam  pecunia  est  is  not  the  only  way 
in  which  "Nothing  is  more  useful  than  money"  can 
be  turned.  One  may  also  say,  Niliil  utilius  pecunia 
est,  "quam"  being  left  out,  and  the  following  noun 
put  in  the  ablative. 


SEC.  si.]  The  Superlative.  63 

[77.]  1.  Marcus  Qumto  non  est  facetior.  2.  Pueri 
puellis  non  semper  sunt  fortiores.  3.  Quid  nave  loiiga 
pulchrius  est?  4.  Quid  portu  fessis  nautis  gratius 
est  ?  5.  Vox  tua  mea  voce  non  est  clarior.  6.  Quid 
mense  Junio  quercu  gratius  est?  7.  Quid  miseiis 
sermone  sapientis  utilius  est?  8.  Nihil  matii  ad- 
ventu  tuo  gratius  est. 

[78.]  1.  Quintus  is  not  more  daring  than  Marcus. 
2.  The  brother  is  not  wiser  than  the  sister.  3.  What 
is  more  uncertain  than  hope  ?  4.  Nothing  is  more  un- 
certain than  victory.  5.  Young  men  are  not  wiser 
than  old  men.  6.  The  mind  is  more  useful  to  men 
than  the  body.  7.  What  is  more  useful  to  men  than  the 
hands  ?  8.  Poems  are  not  more  useful  than  speeches. 

9.  The   hands   are   not   more   useful   than   the   feet. 

10.  The  soldier  is  not  always  more  daring  than  the 
merchant. 


SECTION   31. 

THE  COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES  —  {Continued). 
THE  SUPERLATIVE. 

Altus,  high;       altior>  higher;         altissimus,  highest. 
Brevis,  short;     brevier,  shorter;     brev issimus,  shortest. 

The  superlatives  of  most  adjectives  are  formed  by 
changing  the  -i  or  -is  of  the  genitive  singular  into 
-issimus. 

The  superlative  altissimus  means  not  only  "high- 
est "  or  "  most  high/'  but  "  very  high." 


64  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  31. 

[79.]  1.  Dies  liieme  saepe  brevissimi  sunt.  2.  Qum- 
tus  omnium  milituin  audacissimus  est.  3.  Vox  puellae 
clarissima  et  dulcissima  est.  4.  Pueri  saepe  dulcis- 
simum  vmum  amant.  5.  Quid  te,  carissime  frater, 
terret?  6.  Omnium  puellfirum  Julia  hodie  tristissinia 
est.  7.  Multa  flumina  Asiae  quam  Europae  latiora 
sunt.  8.  Epistulae  pueri  longissimae  patrem  delectant. 

9.  Aristophanes   omnium  poetarum  facetissimus  est. 

10.  Qumtus    sapientissinius,   Marcus   sapientior,    est. 

11.  Hostium   fortissirni   sunt    Germani.      12.    Mater 
puerum  de  morte  fratris  certiorem  facit.     13.  Omnium 
puerorum   Balbus   hodie   tristissimus   est.     14.  Urbs 
nostra    clarissima   est,    et   omnibus   hominibus   nota. 
15.    Bex,  vir  fortissimus  et  sapientissimus,   mortem 
non  timet.     16.  Quid  omnibus  animalibus  vita  carius 
est?      17.    Omnium   navium   nostra   longissima    est. 

18.  Orator,    vir    sapientissirnus,    a    civibus    amatur. 

19.  Eoma  omnium  urbium  clarissima  est.     20.   Om- 
nium rerum  mors  tristissima,  vita  dulcissima,  est. 

[80.]  1.  Hands  are  very  useful  to  men.  2.  My 
brother  is  very  sad  to-day.  3.  What  frightens  you, 
dearest  sister  ?  4.  Quiiitus  is  the  bravest  of  the  boys. 
5.  Our  city  is  very  celebrated.  6.  Your  arrival  is  most 
delightful.  7.  My  dearest  brother,  all  men  praise 
you !  8.  Your  letter  is  very  welcome  and  very  pleasant. 

9.  Of  the  Eoman  orators  Cicero  is  the  most  famous. 

10.  My  mother  and  sister  are  very  sad  to-day.    11.  What 
is  dearer  to  men  than  life  ?     12.  The  bravest  of  the 
soldiers  do  not  fear  death. 


SEC.  32.]  The  Superlative.  65 

XII.    Arminius,  the  German  Leader,  defeats  the 
Romans. 

Qumtilius  Yarns  exercitu  Romano  in  Germaniam 
venit,  et  Germanos  pessimo  modo  tractat.  Multa 
enim  vectigalia  postulat  a  Germams,  qui  neque  aurum 
neque  argentum  possident ;  legibus  etiam  Romanorum 
par  ere,  et  lingua  Latma  in  judiciis  dicere  jubet.  Ar- 
mmius,  autem,  dux  Germanorum,  elves  a  tanta  tamque 
superba  Bomanorum  dominatione  liberare  constituit. 
Yarus  igitur  per  silvam  densissimam  iter  facit.  Subito 
Arminius  ingentibus  totius  Germaniae  copiis  impetum 
in  Rdmanos  facit.  Komam,  long!  labore  itineris  fessl, 
impetum  Germanorum  non  sustinent:  plurimos  in 
pugna,  alios  in  fuga  Germani  interficiunt;  ceteros 
capiunt.  Yarns  autem  gladio  se  ipse  interficit.  Sic 
unus  vir?  prudentia  et  virtute,  Germanos  a  domina- 
tione Eomanorum  liberat.  Imperator  Augustus,  simul 
ac  nuntium  magnae  illius  cladis  accipit,  maximo  do- 
lore  adfectus,  exclamat,  "Qumtill  Yare,  legiones 
redde  ! "  Germania  autem  ab  illo  tempore  libera  erat. 


SECTION   32. 
THE  SUPERLATIVE — (Continued). 

1.  Pulcher,   beautiful;   pulcherrimus,   most   beautiful. 

Adjectives  in  -er  form  the  superlative  by  add- 
ing -rimus  to  the  nominative. 

2.  Six  adjectives  in  -is  form  the  superlative  by  chang- 

ing the  -is  into  -limus. 
F 


66  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  32. 

Facilis,  -e,  easy. 

facilior,  facilius  facil  limus,  -a,  -um. 

Difficilis,  -e,  hard. 

difficilior,  difficilius  difficil  limus,  -a,  -um. 

Similis,  -e,  like. 

similior,  similius  simil limus,  -a,  -um. 

Dissimilis,  -e,  unlike. 

dissimilior,  dissimilius  dissimil  limus,  -a,  -um. 

Hum  ills,  -e,  low. 

hurnilior,  humilius  hurnil  limus,  -a,  -um. 

Gracilis,  -e,  slender. 

gracilior,  gracilius  gracil  limus,  -a,  -um. 

[81.]  1.  Mores  puellarum  interdum  dissimillimi 
sunt.  2.  Omnium  sororum  tuariim  Julia  mine  longe 
pulclierrima  est.  3.  Prater  et  soror  moribus  dissimil- 
limi sunt.  4.  Aulus  nuiic  omnium  longe  pauperrimus 
est.  5.  Julia  longe  difficillimam  libii  partem  nuiic 
legit.  6.  Rex  Aulo,  homim  pauperrimo,  pecuniam  dat. 
7.  Senes  saepe  hieme  nunquam  domo  exeunt.  8.  Vita, 
homiiiibus  brevissima,  multis  animalibus  brevior  est. 

9.  Poeinata   Yergilii   et   Horatil    pulcherrima    sunt. 

10.  Atlienae    (Athens)   urbs   longe  clarissima  totms 
Graeciae  est. 

[82.]  1.  The  boy  is  sometimes  very  lazy.  2.  The 
colours  of  flowers  are  very  unlike.  3.  The  queen  is 
like  to  the  king  in  character.  4.  The  merchant  is 
now  very  poor.  5.  The  bravest  soldiers  sometimes 
fear  death.  6.  All  men  like  prosperity.  7.  The 
queen  is  a  very  beautiful  woman.  8.  His  sister  is 
now  very  like  to  Quintus.  9.  Many  things  are  very 
difficult  for  boys.  10.  The  young  man  is  now  read- 
ing very  difficult  books.  11.  All  my  brothers  love 


SEC,  33.]  Irregular  Comparison.  67 

you,  dearest  mother!     12.    Labienus  informs  Caesar 
of  all  matters  every  day. 


SECTION   33. 
IRREGULAR  COMPARISON. 

POSITIVE.  COMPARATIVE.          SUPERLATIVE. 

Bonus,  good ;  melior,  'better ;  optimus,  best. 

Mains,  bad;  pejor,  worse;  pessimus,  worst. 

Magnus,  great;  major,  greater;  maximus,  greatest. 

Parvus,  small;  minor,  smaller;  minimus,  smallest. 

Obs.  Major  (sometimes  major  natu,  i.e.  in  birth)  may 
also  mean  "older"  or  "elder."  In  the  same  way, 
maximus  (natu)  may  mean  "oldest"  or  "eldest," 
minor  (natu)  "younger,"  minimus  (natu)  "young- 
est."1 

[83.]  1.  Mores  Marc!  quam  Balbi  multo  meliores 
sunt.  2.  Sapientissimi  viri  semper  optimi  sunt.  3.  Ni- 
hil  malo  vino  pejus,  nihil  bono  melius,  est.  4.  Quid, 
pessime  puer  !  nihil  te  terret  ?  nihil  incitat  ?  5.  Cor- 
pora Gallorum  quam  Gerinanorum  multo  majora  sunt. 

6.  Maximae   res?   Marce,  non  semper  sunt  optimae! 

7.  Qulntus   parvus,   Balbus   minor,    Aulus    minimus 
est.     8.  Eratrum  Marcus  maximus,  Qumtus  minimus 
est.     9.  Marcus  multis  anms  Qumto  natu  major  est. 
10.  Filii  saepe  matribus  quam  patribus  multo  cariores 
sunt.     11.  Qumtus  servos  de  morte  domini  certiores 
facit.    12.  Mercator  hodie  quam  heri  multo  tristior  est. 

1  When  the  ages  of  relations  are  compared,  omit  natu,  otherwise 
insert  it. 


68  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  33. 

13.  Omnium  puerorum  Alexander  hodie  pigerrimus 
est.  14.  Eex  quam  regma  panels  anms  natu  minor 
est.  15.  Mercator  iiantae  pauperrimo  magiiam  pecu- 
iiiam  dat. 

[84.]  1.  Marcns  has  by  far  the  worst  slaves.  2.  Your 
honse  is  mnch  smaller  than  mine.  3.  The  boy's  head 
is  very  small,  his  feet  are  very  big.  4.  The  waves  are 
smaller  to-day  than  yesterday.  5.  Balbns  has  a  greater 
reward  than  his  brother.  6.  Onr  city  has  very  good 
harbours.  7.  The  prows  of  our  ships  are  very  big. 

8.  The  elder  of  the  sisters  is  very  beautiful.     9.  The 
mother   blames   her   elder   son.      10.    The   father   is 
always  finding  fault  with  his  younger  son. 

[85.]  1.  Girls  are  often  frightened  by  the  smallest 
things.  2.  Our  times  are  better  than  ancient  times. 

3.  Your  manners,    dearest  Balbus,   are   very   good! 

4.  What  is  better  for  little  girls  than  good  milk  ?   5.  The 
son  is  very  like  to  his  mother.    6.  Aulus  is  the  young- 
est of  all.     7.   The  boy  is  much  lazier  to-day  than 
yesterday.     8.   My  arrival  was  very  welcome  to  all. 

9.  The  sister  is  very  unlike  (to)  her  brother.     10.  The 
master  is  building  a  very  large  and  very  beautiful 
house. 

XIII.    The  Punishments  of  Ixion,  Sisyphus,  and 
Tantalus. 

Terribiles  poenas  pendunt  (sic  enim  antiqui  nar- 
rant)  Ixion,  Sisyphus,  Tantalus. 

Ixion,  autem,  ad  rotam  ferventem  alligatus,  semper 
in  caelo  volvitur. 

Sisyphus,  omne  tempus  ingens  saxum  adverse  colle 


SEC.  34.] 


Cardinal  Numbers. 


69 


trudit.  Quotiens,  autem,  summuin  jam  collem  attin- 
gere  videtur,  subito  ad  imum  devolvitur.  Iteruin 
iterumque  summus  ille  labor  reiiovatur. 

Tantalus,  in  aqua  collocatus,  semper  sitit.  Nam 
quotiens  haustum  aquae  sumere  vult,  aqua  recedit. 
Turn  etiam  poma  super  capite  pendent  :  sed  quotiens 
manum  porrigit,  ramT,  vento  moti,  recedunt.  Saxum 
etiam  (ut  alii  narrant)  capiti  impendet  :  saxi  rumam 
timens,  perpetuo  metu  cruciatur. 


SECTIOIST  34. 


NUMBERS  :  THE  CARDINAL  NUMBERS. 


I.  Unus,  -a,  -um. 

II.  Duo,  duae,  duo. 

III.  Tres,  tria. 

IV.  Quattuor. 
V.  Quinque. 

VI.  Sex. 

VII.  Septem. 

VIII.  Octo. 

IX.  Govern. 


X.   Decem. 
XI.   Undecim. 
XII.   Duodecim. 
XX.   Viginti. 
XXI.   Unus  et  vlginti  or  vi- 

ginti  unus. 
100.      C.  Centum. 
200.   CC.  Ducenti,  -ae,  -a. 
1000.     M.  Mille. 


2000.   IIM.   Duo  milia. 
O6s.   Other  numbers  will  be  found  in  the  Dictionaries. 

Unus  is  declined  like  bonus,  except  that  the  gen. 
sing,  is  unius,  and  dat.  sing,  unl  in  all  genders  (like 
allus,  on  p.  89). 


THE 

(UHI7BESITT) 


'  0  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  34. 

Duo  is  declined :  — 

Masc.  Fern.  Neut. 

Nom.      Duo  duae  duo. 

Gen.        Duorum  duarum  duornm. 

Dat.        Duobus  duabus  duobus. 

Ace.        Duos,  duo  duas  duo. 

Abl.        Duobus  duabus  duobus. 

Tres  is  declined :  — 

Masc.  and  Fern.  Neut. 

Nom.          Tres  tria. 

Gen.  Trium  trium. 

Dat.  Tribus  tribus. 

Ace.  Tres  tria. 

Abl.  Tribus  tribus. 

The  rest  up  to  100  are  not  declined  at  all. 

Passus,  -us,  apace. 

Mllle  passus  (nom.  plur.),  1000  paces,  a  mile. 

Duo  mllia  passuum,  2000  paces,  two  miles. 

Mllle  in  the  singular  is  indeclinable  and  is  an  adjec- 
tive: mllia  (not  millia),  the  plural,  is  declined,  and  is 
a  noun,  therefore  note  the  genitive  passuum. 

[86.]  1.  Copiae  hostium  uno  die  unum  et  viginti 
flumina  transeunt.  2.  Duo  fratres  hodie  quam  her! 
multo  tristiores  sunt.  3.  Mllle  equites  agros  nostros 
vastant.  4.  Sen!  pauperrimo  duodecim  filii,  qumque 
filiae,  sunt.  5.  Duo  mllia  militum  castra  aggere  lato 
circumdant.  6.  Conclave  regium  qumquagiiita  pe- 
des  longum  est.  7.  Undeviginti  equites  regem  et 
regmam  circumdant.  8.  Viginti  qumque  naves  longae 


SEC.  34.]  Cardinal  Numbers.  71 

in  litore  sunt.  9.  Sescenta  genera  florum  patii  nostro 
nota  sunt.  10.  In  nrbe  nostra  oratores  triginta,  tre- 
deciin  poetae,  fcria  milia  mercatorum  sunt.  11.  Caesar 
a  fmibus  Gallorum  milia  passuum  duodecim  abest. 

12.  Copiae  hostium  duo  milia  passuum  ab  urbe  absunt. 

13.  Frater  sorore  tribus  annls  major  est.     14.  Marcus 
Qumto   duobus   annls   natu   minor   est.     15.   Qumtus 
unum  et  viginti  annos  natus  est.     16.  Domus  nostra 
ab  urbe  quattuor  milia  passuum  abest.     17.   Mensis 
Februarius  viginti  octo  dies  habet.     18.  Frater  meus 
hodie  duodeviginti  annos  natus  est.    19.  Portus  magnus 
ab  urbe  septendecim  milia  passuum  abest.     20.  Soror 
mea  undecim  annos  nata  est. 

[87.]    1.  Marcus  has  one  sister  and  two  brothers. 

2.  The  merchant  has  three  sons  and  four  daughters. 

3.  There   are   twenty   kinds   of  flowers    in   the   gar- 
den.    4.  The  boy  is  doing  two  things  at  (in)  one  time. 
5.    Of   the   three  brothers  Alexander    is    the    young- 
est.    6.  The  sailors  see  a  thousand  horsemen  on  the 
shore.     7.    The   royal   house   has   a   hundred  rooms. 

8.  Two  thousand  sailors  are  on  the  shore  of  our  sea. 

9.  The  master  has  a  thousand  books.     10.    Marcus 
and  Balbus  are  very  unlike  in  character. 

[88.]  1.  The  enemy  are  a  mile  off.  2.  The  army 
is  two  miles  off.  3.  The  forces  of  the  enemy  are  two 
miles  from  the  city.  4.  The  gardens  are  three  miles 
from  the  harbour.  5.  My  brother  is  twenty-one  years 
old  to-day.  6.  The  winter  is  the  gloomiest  (tristis) 
part  of  the  year.  7.  My  youngest  sister  is  four  years 
old.  8.  Your  house  is  five  miles  from  ours.  9.  The 
ships  are  a  mile  from  the  harbour.  10.  The  garden  is 
two  hundred  feet  (ace.)  long,  a  hundred  wide. 


72  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  35. 

SECTION   35. 
ORDINAL  NUMBERS. 

1st.  Primus.  10th.  Decimus. 

2d.  Secundus  (or  Alter).        llth.  Undecimus. 

3d.  Tertius.  12th.  Duodecimus. 

4th.  Quartus.  13th.  Tertius  decimus. 

5th.  Qumtus.  20th.  Vicesimus. 

6th.  Sextus.  21st.  Unus  et  vicesimus. 

7th.  Septimus.  100th.  Centesimus. 

8th.  Octavus.  1000th.  Mlllesimus. 

9th.  Nonus. 

All  these  are  declined  like  bonus. 

[89.]     1.    Puer    qumtum    Caesaris    librum    legit. 

2.  Hora  die!  decima  Marcus  domum  redit.     3.  Qum- 
tus de  adventu  tertiae  legionis  Caesarem  certiorem 
facit.     4.  Septima  noctis  hora  Caesar  omnibus  copiis 
castris  exit.     5.  Caesar  in  dextro  cornu  decimam,  in 
sinistro  sextam,  legionem  habet.     6.  Hostes  septimo 
decimo  die  milia  passuum  duo  absunt.     7.  Caesar  tii- 
ginta,  Pompeius  qumquaginta,  naves  habet.     8.  Puer 
centesimam  pecuniae  partem  fratri  dat.     9.   Marcus 
primus,  Balbus  secundus,  Quintus  tertius  est.     10.  Mil- 
lesimam  partem  Marco,  centesimam  Balbo,  dat. 

[90.]    1.  My  brother  is  often  first,  sometimes  sec- 
ond.     2.    Caesar    often   praises   the   seventh   legion. 

3.  A  thousand  birds  are  singing  on  the  top  of  the 
oak.     4.  The  king  gives  the  fifth  part  to  the  queen. 

5.  The  soldiers  return  on  the  one  and  twentieth  day. 

6.  The  unhappy  boy  is  five  miles  from  home.     7.  Yes- 


SEC.  35.]  Ordinal  Numbers.  73 

terday  he  was  seventh,  to-day  he  is  fourth.  8.  An 
hour  is  a  very  small  part  of  a  year.  9.  A  few  horse- 
men overcome  a  thousand  enemies.  10.  The  ninth 
legion  is  always  very  brave.  11.  At  the  sixth  hour 
of  the  day  the  enemy  return.  12.  Marcus  is  older 
than  his  sister  by  three  years. 


XIV.   Dates  in  Early  English  History. 

Anno  qumquagesim.6  qumto  ante  Christum  natum 
Caesar  primum  in  Britanniam  venit,  neque  tamen  diu 
in  msula  nostra  manet.  Deinde^proximo  anno  iterum 
cum  copiis  venit.  Post  paucos  autem  menses  copias 
reducit.  Anno  quadragesimo  tertio  post  Christum 
natum  Claudius,  imperator  Romanus,  in  Britanniam 
venit,  et  totam  paulatim  msulam  in  suam  potestatem 
Eomani  redigunt.  Annos  circiter  trecentos  qumqua- 
ginta  Eomani  msulam  tenent.  Vias  sternunt,  castra 
muniuiit,  domos  villasque  aedificant,  frumentum  se- 
runt,  muro  ingenti  feras  Caledoniae  gentes  ab  incur- 
sionibus  prohibent;  pacem  Britannis  dant.  Anno 
autem  circiter  quadringentesimo  decimo  Eomani  legi- 
ones  suas  reducunt.  Anno  quadringentesimo  quadra- 
gesimo nono  Angli,  majores  nostri,  primum  navibus 
msulam  capiunt. 


74  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  36. 

SECTION   36. 

THE  VERB  Esse,  TO  BE. 

INDICATIVE  MOOD.  —Present  Tense. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  1st  Person.      Sum,  I  am.  Sumus,  we  are. 

2.  2d  Person.      Es,  thou  art  or  you  are.  Estis,  you  are. 

3.  3d  Person.      Est,  he,  she,  or  it,  is.  Sunt,  they  are. 
Es  translates  "  you  are  "  only  when  one  person  is  spoken  to. 

[91.]  1.  Fratre  meo  non  tribus  anms  major  sum. 
2.  Ego  sum  miles,  tii  nauta  es.  3.  Ego  omnibus  civi- 
bus  earns  sum :  te  ornnes  culpant.  4.  Puer  piger  es, 
et  patri  tuo  •  dissimillimus.  5.  Milites  hieme  viginti 
naves  aedificant.  6.  Dextro  pede  claudus  sum,  et 
siiiistra  aure  surdus.  7.  Ego  quattuordecim,  tu  duo- 
decim  annos  natus  es.  8.  Patri  simillima  sum,  matri 
dissimillima.  9.  OptimI  elves  estis ;  vos  omnes  lau- 
daiit.  10.  Nos  milites  sumus,  vos  nautae  estis. 
11.  Mane  legio  decima  ad  urbem  redit.  12.  Milites 
nostri  omnium  fortissimi  esse  dicuntur.  13.  Athenae 
a  Sparta  centum  qumquagmta  milia  passuum  absunt. 
14.  Verba  magistrl  animos  puerorum  ad  major  em  dili- 
gentiam  incitant. 

[92.]  1.  We1  are  in  the  garden  to-day.  2.  I  am 
first,  you  are  second.  3.  You  are  a  very  brave  sol- 
dier, and  a  consummate  (summits)  orator.  4.  I  am 
lame,  you  are  deaf.  5.  The  ships  return  in  the  even- 
ing to  (ad)  the  harbour.  6.  The  boys  are  now  return- 

1  Words  in  italics  are  to  be  left  out. 


SEC.  37.]  The  Verb  Esse,  to  be.  75 

ing  home.  7.  We  are  tired ;  your  conversation  is  not 
welcome.  8.  /  am  the  youngest  of  all.  9.  We  are  at 
home,  you  are  out  of  doors.  10.  I  am  'very  unhappy; 
my  father  never  praises  me.  11.  We  are  very  sad 
to-day ;  our  friends  are  very  far  away.  12.  The  very 
frequent  lightning-flashes  do  not  frighten  the  brave 
soldier.  13.  You  are  very  wise,  we  are  not  wise. 
14.  The  harbour  is  two  miles  distant  from  the  royal 
house.  15.  The  characters  of  young  men  and  of  old 
men  are  verv  unlike. 


SECTION   37. 

THE  VERB  Esse,  TO  BE — (Continued). 
Imperfect  Tense. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  Eram,  I  was.  1.   Eramus,  we  were. 

2.  Er  as,  you  were.  2.   Er  atis,  you  were. 

3.  Erat,  he  was.  3.    Erant,  they  were. 

Future  Tense. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  Ero,  /  shall  be.  1.   Erimus,  we  shall  be. 

2.  Eris,  you  will  be.  2.    Eritis,  you  will  be. 

3.  Erit,  he  will  be.  3.   Erunt,  they  will  be. 

[93.]  1.  Balbe  et  Marce,  anrici  mel  carissimi,  her! 
ubi  eratis  ?  —  In  urbe,  Qulnte,  eramus  !  2.  Quando 
doml  eris,  mi  Qumte  ?  —  Quid  !  ego  semper  sum  doml. 
3.  Her!  Eomae  eram,  hodie  Florentiae  (in  Florence) 
sum,  eras  Veronae  (in  Verona)  ero.  4.  Ubi  her!  eras  ? 


76  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  37. 

—  A   Koma  longe  aberam.     5.   Cras  vlgint!  qumque 
naves  longae   in   portu   maximo   erunt.      6.    Priamo, 
regl  Trojae  (Troy),  qumquaginta  Mil  et  qumquaginta 
filiae  erant.     7.    Legio  decima  longe  fortissima  esse 
dlcitur.     8.  Ubi  vesper!  erunt  ?  —  hora  qulnta  semper 
ad  urbem  redeunt.     9.  Temporibus  Sei»vii  Tullil  octo- 
ginta  tria  mllia  clvium  R/omaiiorum  erant.     10.   Tu, 
Balbe,  bonus  puer  es ;  vos,  Qumte  et  Marce,  semper 
pigrl  eritis ! 

[94.]  1.  To-morrow  I  shall  be  at  home  :  where  will 
you  be  ?  2.  Where  will  you  be  in  the  winter  ?  —  I  shall 
be  in  the  city,  Balbus!  3.  /  was  yesterday  in  the 
royal  gardens ;  to-morrow  /shall  be  at  home.  4.  Your 
arrival  was  very  welcome  to  all,  my  dearest  Marcus ! 
5.  Balbus,  where  were  you  yesterday?  —  /was  in  the 
country.  6.  You  were  always  very  good  boys.  7.  In 
the  summer  our  father  will  be  in  Italy,  we  boys  shall 
be  at  home.  8.  My  friends,  when  will  you  be  at  home  ? 

—  We  shall  be  at  home  to-morrow.     9.  The  characters 
of  the  Gauls  and  Germans  were  very  unlike.     10.  In  a 
few  years  the  works  of  Caesar  will  be  known  to  the 
boys.     11.  Yesterday  I  was  the  first,  you  were  second, 
Balbus  was  third.     12.  Yesterday  you  were  first,  to- 
day you  are  third,  to-morrow  you  will  be  fifth. 


SEC.  38.]  The  Verb  Esse,  to  be.  77 

SECTION   38. 

THE  VERB  Esse,  TO  BE — (Continued). 
Perfect  Tense. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  Fui,  I  have  been  1.  Fulmus,  we  have  been 

(or)  /  was.  (or)  we  were. 

2.  Fuisti,  you  have  been  2.  Fuistis,  you  have  been 

(or)  you  were.  (or)  you  were. 

3.  Fuit,  he  has  been  3.  Fuerunt       )  they  have  been 

(or)  he  was.  and  fu  ere  >  (or)  they  were. 

Pluperfect  Tense. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  FuSram,  /  had  been.  1.  Fue'ramus,  we  had  been. 

2.  FuSras,  you  had  been.  2.  Fue'ratis,  you  had  been. 

3.  FuSrat,  he  had  been.  3.  Fu  grant,  they  had  been. 

Futurt  Perfect  Tense. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  Fu£ro,  /  shall  have  been.      1.  Fu£rimus,tt?e shall havebeen. 

2.  Fu  Sris,  you  will  have  been.  2.  Fu  iritis,  you  will  have  been. 

3.  FuSrit,  he  will  have  been.     3.  FuSrint,  they  will  have  been. 

[95.]  1.  Athenls x  saepissime,  Eomae  minquam,  fui- 
mus.  2.  Septima  legio  saepe  fuit  omnium  fortissima. 

1  "  In  "  or  "  at "  before  the  name  of  a  town  is  not  translated  by 
a  separate  word.  The  town  name  is  put  in  the  locative  case,  which 
has  the  same  form  as  the  ablative,  except  in  case  of  nouns  in  the 
singular  of  the  first  and  second  declensions,  when  it  is  the  same 
as  the  genitive.  So — Athenls  (abl.  of  Athenae),  "  in  Athens"; 
Carthdyine  (Carthago},  "in  Carthage";  Eomae ,  "in  Rome"; 
Tarenti,  "  in  Tarentum." 


78  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  38. 

3.  Mane  doml  fuerant,  vesper!  forls  eraiit.  4.  Duos 
jam  annos,  nil  carissime  frater,  Romae  f uisti ;  quando 
doml  eris?  5.  Vos,  amici,  quam  ego  Athenls  saepius 
fuistis  !  6.  Rebus  in  adversis  gratissima  sorori  fuerint 
verba  fratris.  7.  Tu,  mi  Balbe,  fratrl  meo  optimus 
amicus  f  ueris !  8.  Puerl  in  hortls  nostris  saepissime 
fuerant.  9.  Qumtus  jam  sex  annos  Romae  fuerat. 
10.  Servl  Athenis  saepissime  esse  dlcuntur.  11.  Opti- 
mus puer  semper  f ueras,  herl  non  eras  bonus.  12.  Bal- 
bus  et  fuit,  et  est,  et  semper  erit,  fldissimus  amicus. 
[96.]  1.  You1  have  often  been  in  Rome,  Qumtus! 

2.  My  friends,  you  have  very  often  been  in  Athens ! 

3.  We  shall  be  at  home  to-morrow.     4.  I  have  been 
very  often  very  unhappy.     5.  We  have  been  three  days 
(ace.)  in  Athens.     6.  The  cold  will  have  been  very 
great  in  Rome.     7.  You  are  very  often  out  of  doors : 
when  will  you  be  at  home  ?     8.  Few  boys  will  have 
been  more  often  in  Rome.     9.  You  are  and  always  will 
be  a  very  lazy  boy.     10.  He  had  been  already  three 
hours  (ace.)  at  home.     11.  Your  arrival  will  have  been 
welcome  to.  all.     12.  I  had  been  often  in  Rome,  you 
had  never  been.     13.  He  is  said  to  be  very  often  in 
Rome.     14.  The   oak  is  two   miles  from  our  house. 
15.  I  had  been  two  years   (ace.)   in  Rome,  three  in 
Athens. 

1  The  pronouns  which  should  be  left  out  are  no  longer  printed  in 
italics.  The  endings  of  the  verbs  sufficiently  express  the  person. 
A  pronoun  should  not  be  used,  unless  there  is  particular  emphasis, 
as  in  such  a  sentence  as  —  I  was  at  work,  you  were  at  play. 


SEC.  38.]  The  Verb  Esse,  to  be.  79 

'    XV.    An  Account  of  the  Battle  of  Bannockburn. 

Rex  noster,  piger  homo  et  corporis  voluptatibus 
deditus,  tandem,  crebrls  nostrorum  cladibus  commotus, 
exercitum  comparat,  et  in  fines  nostrum  iter  facit.  Rex 
hostium,  simul  atque  adventum  nostrorum  intellegit, 
locum  deligit  suls  opportunum,  nostrls  inlquissimum. 
Suos  enim  in  humo  sicca  firmaque  collocat ;  f rontem 
tamen  tergumque  agminis  contineiites  paludes  cingunt. 
Sinistra  flumen  erat,  dextra  castellum,  colle  praecipitl 
impositum.  Et,  quod  nostrl  equitibus  praestant,  cre- 
bras  in  palude  foveas  facit.  Solum  enim  effodit,  et 
insuper  locum  longurils  cratibusque  sternit:  turn 
humum  gramenque  illicit.  Calones  omnes  servosque 
equitum  post  vlcinum  collem  collocat.  Turn  adventum 
nostrorum  exspectat. 

XVI.   Bannockburn —  (Continued). 

Nostrl  tandem  sub  vesperum  adveniunt.  Noctem 
non  quietl  somnoque  sed  carminibus  epulisque  dant. 
Contra  hostes  silentio  opem  divmam  precibus  imploraiit. 
Postero  die  dux  hostium  suos  talibus  verbls  ad  pugnarn 
incitat.  "  Mllites  !  certameii  nobis  hodie  pro  llberis  et 
uxoribus,  pro  parentibus  et  patria,  est.  Deus  nobis  aut 
victoriam  aut  mortem  gloriosam  dat.  Si  cul  vita  gloria 
carior  est,  domum  ex  pugna  excedat ! "  Turn  pugna 
coinmittitur.  Primo  pedites  sagittarii  nostrl  in  aciem 
inducuntur ;  sed  equites  hostium,  incitatls  equls,  irru- 
unt ;  et  summa  audacia  nostros  gladiis  hastisque  con- 
fodiunt :  nihil  enim  sagittarii  praeter  arcus  habent. 
Deinde  equites  nostrl  submittuiitur  j  sed  plerlque,  In- 


80  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  39. 

sidiarum  ignari,  in  foveas  prom  incidunt.  Nostris 
conturbatis,  subito  calones  servique  equitum  in  suinmo 
colle  apparent.  Nostri  autem,  "En,  novus  exercitus 
adest ! "  clamantes,  terga  .vertunt,  et  fuga  salutem 
petunt. 


SECTION   39. 

THE  PERSONAL  PRONOUNS. 

Eg6,  /. 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

Nom. 

Ego,  /. 

Nos,  we. 

Gen. 

Mei,  of  me. 

Nostrum  or  nostri,  of  us. 

Dat. 

Mihi  (mi),  to  me. 

Nobls,  to  us. 

Ace. 

Me,  me. 

Nos,  us. 

Abl. 

Me  (with  a),  by  me. 

Nobis  (with  a),  by  us. 

Tu, 

thou. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

Nom. 

Tu,  thou. 

Vos,  you,  ye. 

Gen. 

Tui,  of  you. 

Vestrum  or  vestri,  of  you, 

Dat. 

Tib!,  to  you. 

Yobls,  to  you. 

Ace. 

Te,  you. 

Yos,  you. 

Abl. 

Te  (with  a),  by  you. 

Yobis  (with  a),  by  you. 

EEFLEXIVE  PRONOUN. 

SINGULAR    AND    PLURAL. 

Nom.  

Gen.  Sui,  of  himself  herself  itself  or  themselves. 

Dat.  Sibi,  to  himself,  herself  itself  or  themselves. 

Ace.  Se  (sese),  himself  herself  itself  or  themselves. 

Abl.  Se  (sese),  with  a,  by  himself  herself  itself  or  themselves. 


SEC.  39.]  Pronouns.  81 

POSSESSIVE  PRONOUNS. 

Possessive  pronouns  are  formed  from  the  stems  of 
personal  and  reflexive  pronouns. 

meus,  -a,  -um  (voc.  sing,  mi),  my,  mine. 

tuus,  -a,  -um,  thy,  thine. 

suus,  -a,  -um,  his,  her,  its,  their. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum,  our,  ours. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  your,  yours. 

[97.]  1.  ISTobis  sunt  centum  librl,  vobis  librorum 
duo  rnilia.  2.  Vos  nunquam  nostri  immemores  eritis, 
amicl  carissimi !  3.  Ml  frater,  ubi  es  ?  —  Adsum. 
4.  Semper  tui  memor  ero:  tu  mei  semper  fuistl  me- 
mor.  5.  Marcus  semper  se  laudat:  me  semper  cul- 
pat.  6.  Amlci  immemores  nostri  rebus  in  adversis 
fuere.  7.  Marcus  sul  nunquam,  mei  semper,  imme- 
mor  erat.  8.  PaucI  vestrum l  amlcis  rebus  in  ad- 
versis aderant.2  9.  Ego  Eomae ;  vos.  amicl,  Athenls 
eratis  !  10.  Mihi  qulnque,  tibi  decem,  libros  magister 
dat.  11.  Puella  cotidie  se  floribus  ornat.  12.  Erater 
tuus  duobus  anms  quam  tu  major  est.  13.  Nos  semper 
pauperibus  adsumus,  vos  nunquam.  14.  Quid  vos  ter- 
ret,  puellae  ?  ego  vobis  brevi  tempore  adero.  15.  Ora- 
tor clvibus  pauperibus  semper  adest :  bonus  vir  est,  et 
sul  immemor. 

[98.]  1.  You  are  never  mindful  of  me,  Balbus ! 
2.  Your  father,  boy,  gives  you  very  beautiful  books ! 

1  Notice  that  nostrum  and  vestrum  are  used  (and  not  nostri, 
vestrl)  after  pars  (.meaning  "  some  "),  panel,  multl,  and  such  words. 

2 Adsum  with  dative  means  "to  stand  by  some  one,"  i.e.  "to 
help." 

G 


82 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


[SEC.  40. 


3.  Our  slaves  are  dear  to  us,  but  our  friends  are 
dearer.  4.  We  are  boys,  you  are  old  men.  5.  Your 
letter,  brother,  was  very  welcome  to  me  !  6.  The  mind 
is  the  better  part  of  us.  .7.  To  many  of  us  is  the  oak 
known.  8.  Your  son  is  never  praised  by  you.  9.  When 
will  the  poet's  song  be  known  to  you,  boy?  10.  I 
have  already  been  often  in  Rome. 

[99.]  1.  The  girl  adorns  herself  with  flowers. 
2.  Marcus  is  now  building  a  house  for  himself.  3.  The 
boys  are  always  mindful  of  themselves.  4.  Julia  is 
praised  by  you,  Cornelia  by  me.  5.  The  Germans  were 
better  in  war  than  the  Gauls.  6.  There  is  not,  Quintus, 
a  better  poet  than  you !  7.  In  the  morning  the  girls 
adorn  themselves,  in  the  evening  they  read  books. 

8.  My  slaves  have  always  been  very  faithful  to  me. 

9.  I  always  assist  my  friends.     10.  My  brother  will 
always  assist  me. 


SECTION  40. 
PRONOUNS —  (Continued). 


Hie,  this. 


SINGULAR. 


Masc.  Fern.  Neut. 

Nom.  Hie  haec  hoc. 

Gen.    Hujus  hujus  hujus. 

Dat.     Huic  huic  huic. 

Ace.     Hunc  hanc  hoc. 

Abl.     Hoc  hac  hoc. 


Masc. 

Hi 
Hoi'um 
His 
Has 
His 

PLURAL. 

Fern. 

hae 
harum 
his 
.has 
his 

Neut. 

haec. 
horura. 
his. 
haec. 
his. 

SEC.  40.]  Pronouns.  83 

Ille,  that. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Masc.     Fern.      Neut.  Masc.        Fern.         Neut. 

Norn.  Ille         ilia        illud.  IllI  illae          ilia. 

Gen.    Illius      illlus      illius.          Illorum     illarum     illorum. 

Dat.   im       mi      mi.         mis       mis       mis. 

Ace.     Ilium      illam     illud.  Illos          illas          ilia. 

Abl.     1116         ilia        illo.  Illis  illls          illis. 

[100.]  1.  Hie  puer  dives,  ille  pauper  est.  2.  Hie 
quam  ille  multo  dlvitior  est.  3.  Tibi  tin,  mihi  mei, 
flores  pulcherrimi  sunt.  4.  Hae  res  certae,  illae  in- 
certae,  erant.  5.  Haec  avis  semper,  ilia  nunquam, 
in  silvis  canit.  6.  Sapientia  divitiis  multis  partibus l 
melior  est.  7.  Hujus  virtus,  illms  dlvitiae  ab  om- 
nibus laudantur.  8.  Multi  vestrum  semper  fuerunt 
imme mores  iiostrl.  9.  Marcus  et  Qumtus  fratres  fu- 
erunt :  ille  ("the  former,"  i.e.  Marcus)  quam  hie  panels 
anms  major  fnit.  10.  Hie  semper  ille  nunquam,  vecti- 
galia  tempore  pendit.  11.  Servus  dominum  de  ad- 
ventu  ineo  jam  certiorem  facit.  12.  Rex  anno  regm 
vlcesimo  quarto  maximos  et  pulcherrimos  hortos  civibus 
dat.  13.  Dissimillimi  sunt  duorum  puerorum  mores : 
hie  fortis  est,  ille  omnia  timet.  14.  Tibi  amlci  rebus 
in  adversls  semper  aderunt :  amicorum  semper  memor 
es.  15.  Ubi  sunt  Marcus  et  Qumtus  ?  —  Hie  in  liorto, 
ille  in  silva  est. 

[101.]  1.  I  am  known  to  this  woman.  2.  These 
woods  are  very  large.  3.  He  praises  these  flowers. 
4.  This  house  was  mine.  5.  They  give  money  to  these 

1  Multis  partibus,  by  many  degrees,  i.e.  a  great  deal. 


84  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  41. 

women.  6.  That  conversation  was  witty.  7.  He  gives 
a  book  to  that  boy.  8.  Those  rooms  were  very  small. 
9.  The  wind  drives  these  ships.  10.  I  shall  never 
help  that  man. 

[102.]    1.  These  old  men  are  rich,  those  are  poor. 

2.  They   do   not   praise   the   speech   of    that  orator. 

3.  That  orator  will  help  these  men,     4.  This  master 
often  assists  that  boy.     5.  The  manners  of  that  man 
are  very  bad.     6.  This  man's  songs,  that  man's  ora- 
tions, are  praised.     7.  Those  spurs  were  very  sharp. 
8.  This  man  has  seven,  that  eight,  horses.     9.  Birds 
very  often   sing  in  those  woods.     10.  This  wood  is 
eighteen  miles  from  the  city. 

SECTION  41. 
PRONOUNS—  (Continued). 


Is,  that,  or  he,  she,  ii 

SINGULA 

R. 

PLURAL. 

Masc.  Fein. 

Neut.             Masc. 

Fern.           Neut. 

Nom. 

Is         ea 

id.              Ei  or  ii 

eae             ea. 

Gen. 

Ejus     ejus 

ejus.          Eorum 

earum         eorum. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Ei        el 
Eum    earn 

el.              Eis  or  iis 
id.             Eos 

eis  or  us    eis  or  us. 
eas              ea. 

Abl. 

Eo        ea 

eo.             Eis  or  iis 
Idem,  the  same. 

eis  or  us     eis  or  us. 

- 

SINGULAR. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Nora. 

Idem 

eadem 

idem. 

Gen. 

Ejusdem 

ejusdem. 

ejusdem. 

SEC.  41.] 


Pronouns. 


85 


Dat.     Eidem 
Ace.     Eundem 
Abl.     Eodem 


Masc. 

Nom.  Eidem  or  ildem 

Gen.    Eorundem 

Dat.     Elsdem  or  iisdem 

Ace.     Eosdem 

Abl.     Eisdem  or  iisdem 


eidem 

eandem 

eadem 

PLURAL. 

Fern. 

eaedem 

earundem 

elsdem  or  iisdem 

easdem 

elsdem  or  iisdem 


eidem. 

idem. 

eodem. 


Neut. 

eadem. 

eorundem. 

elsdem  or  iisdem. 

eadem. 

elsdem  or  iisdem. 


[103.]  1.  Qulntus  amat  laudat-que  sorores  suas. 
2.  Cornelia  ejus-que l  frater  saepe  domum  meam  veni- 
unt.  3.  Caesar  in  fines  nostrum  venit,  eorumque  agros 
vastat.  4.  Marcus  magnam  sibi  domum  aedificat,  eam- 
que  omnibus  rebus  ornat  (furnishes).  5.  Dominus 
servos  suos  ad  urbem  vesper!  mittit.  6.  Galli  ad 
Caesarem  legates  mittunt,  faciuntque  eum  de  suis 
rebus  certiorem.  7.  Mors  omnibus  hominibus  eadem 
est.  8.  Hi  duo  pueri  eorundem  morum  esse  a  magis- 
tro  dicuntur.  9.  Marcus  et  Qulntus  semper  eadem 
laudant,  eadem  culpant.  10.  Hie  senex  sapientissimus 
est,  et  idem  2  divitissimus.  11.  Quid  f  ido  amlco,  eo- 
demque  sapientissimo,  dulcius  est?  12.  Hie  orator 
suas  orationes  semper  laudat,  Ciceronis  idem  culpat. 
13.  Caesar  vesper!  omnibus  copiis  flu  men  transit :  ea 
res  non  erat  nota  hostibus.  14.  Legati  ad  castra  veni- 
unt :  mllites  de  adventu  eorum  Caesarem  certiorem 

1  Literally,  "and  the  brother  of  her,"  i.e.  "and  her  brother." 

2  Idem,  lit.  "the  same  man,"  i.e.  "and  also."    In  sentence  12 
idem  means  "  and  yet." 


86  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  42. 

faciunt.     15.  Caesar   in   fines   hostium  venit,  eosque 
priino  impetu  superat. 

[104.]  1.  Where  are  my  letters  ?  —  The  slaves  have 
them.  2.  This  bird  always  sings  the  same  song. 
3.  The  master  praises  the  boy,  and  gives  a  beautiful 
book  to  him.  4.  These  orators  are  always  praising 
themselves  and  their  own  orations.  5.  Caesar  sends  the 
soldiers  to  the  camp.  6.  Young  men  and  old  men  do 
not  praise  the  same  things.  7.  These  things  are  dear 
to  you,  those  to  me.  8.  Marcus  loves  his  friends,  and 
always  assists  them.  9.  Our  army  crosses  the  river : 
the  enemy's  army  does  the  same.  10.  At  that  (is) 
time  (abl.)  the  Roman,  name  was  not  known  to  the 
Gauls.  11.  At  the  same  time  the  soldiers  inform 
Caesar.  12.  The  enemy's  ambassadors  come  to  Caesar 
at  the  same  time. 


SECTION   42. 

PRONOUNS  —  (Continued). 

Ipse,  self. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Masc.     Fern.     Neut.  Masc.  Fein.          Neut. 

Nom.  Ipse       ipsa       ipsum.         Ipsi  ipsae         ipsa. 

Gen.    Ipsms    ipsius    ipsius.          Ipsorum  ipsarum   ipsorum. 

Dat.     Ipsi        ipsl       ipsi.  Ipsis  ipsls         ipsis. 

Ace.     Ipsum   ipsam   ipsum.         Ipsos  ipsas         ipsa. 

Abl.     Ipso       ipsa       ipso.  Ipsis  ipsis         ipsis. 


SEC.  42.] 


Pronouns. 


87 


Iste,  that  of  yours. 

SINGULAR. 

Masc.     Fern.     Neut. 


Masc. 


Nom.  Iste  ista  istud. 

Gen.     Istius  istius  istius. 

Dat.     1st!  istl  isti. 

Ace.     Istum  istam  istud. 

Abl.     Isto  ista  isto. 


PLURAL. 

Fern.          Neut. 

Istl  istae  ista. 

Istorum    istarum  istorum. 

Istis          istis  istis. 

Istos         istas  ista. 

Istis          istis  istis. 


Ipse,  self,  is  used  with  a  pronoun  or  noun  for  emphasis, 
also  alone  to  emphasize  an  omitted  subject.  It  must  be  dis- 
tinguished from  se  the  reflexive  pronoun  (p.  80). 

a.  Ipsa  soror  me  laudat.     My  s ister  herself  praises  me. 

b.  Soror  se  laudat.     My  sister  praises  herself. 

\_c.  Ipse  librum  legit.     He  is  reading  the  book  himself.     Se 
has  no  nominative.] 

[105.]  1.  Ipse  dux  se  nunquam,  milites  suos  semper, 
laudat.  2.  Marcus,  optimus  vir,  fratribus  pecuniam 
saepe  dat ;  ipse  paucis  rebus  contentus  est.  3.  Maxima 
pars  nostrum  tres  dies  duasque  noctes  in  silvis  erat. 
4.  Neque  ego  pauperrimus  sum,  neque  ipse  tu  divitissi- 
mus  es.  5.  Ubi  sunt  istl  servi,  ml  frater  ?  doml  nun- 
quam  sunt.  6.  Caesar  legates  ad  castra  hostium 
eodem  tempore  mittit.  7.  Ista  oratio,  Quinte,  rei  pub- 
licae  non  fuit  utilissima !  8.  Ilia  puella  neque  hunc 
neque  ilium  librum  legit.  9.  Ille  juvenis  neque  mihi, 
amico  suo,  neque  ipsi  fratri  adest.  10.  Balbus  neque 
maximus  neque  minimus  natu  amicorum  est.  11.  Neque 
ipse  venit,  neque  nos  de  suis  rebus  certiores  facit. 
12.  Hi  libri  me!  sunt,  Balbe.  —  Quid !  ill!  libri  tui 
sunt !  Mel,  non  tui,  sunt. 

[106.]  1.  The  queen  herself  decorates  the  table  with 
flowers  every  day.  2.  Marcus  himself  is  at  homej 


88  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  43. 

Quintus,  his  brother,  is  in  the  city.  3.  Those  manners 
of  yours,  boy,  will  be  welcome  neither  to  your  father 
nor  your  mother  !  4.  This  poet  often  praises  his  own 
poems.  5.  That  song  o£  yonrs,  Balbns,  is  the  worst 
of  all !  6.  The  ambassadors  inform  the  king  himself 
of  their  arrival.  7.  The  ambassadors  themselves  some- 
times come  to  our  camp.  8.  The  slaves  come  in  the 
morning :  in  the  evening  he  sends  them  to  the  city. 
9.  You  never  assist  those  friends  of  yours.  10.  Neither 
this  man,  nor  that,  is  my  friend. 


SECTION  43. 
IRREGULAR  ADJECTIVES. 

The  following  nine  adjectives  have  lus  (lus)  in  the 
genitive  singular  of  all  genders,  and  I  in  the  dative :  — 

alias,  alia,  aliud,  other.  unus,  -a,  -urn,  one. 

nullus,  -a,  -um,  no  one.  alter,  altera,  alterum,  other  of  two. 

solus,  -a,  -um,  alone.  neuter,   neutra,  neutrum,   neither 

totus,  -a,  -um,  whole.  of  two. 

ullus,  -a,  -um,  any.  uter,  utra,  utrum,  which  of  two  1 

Totus,  the  whole. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Masc.     Fern.     Neut.  Masc.         Fern.         Neut. 

Norn.  Totus    tot  a     totum.  Toti  totae        tot  a. 

Gen.    Totius  totius  totius.  Totorum  tot  arum  totorum. 

Dat.    Toti       toti      toti.  Tot  is         tot  is        tot  is. 

Ace.    Totum  tot  am  totum.  Tot  6s        tot  as        tot  a. 

Abl.    Toto      tot  a     tot  6.  Tot  to        tot  to        tot  to. 


SEC.  43.]  Irregular  Adjectives.  89 

Alius,  other. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Masc.  Fein.     Neut.  Masc.         Fern.          Neut. 

Nom.  Alius  alia      aliud.  Alii  aliae         alia 

Gen.    Alius  all  us    all  us.  Aliorum  ali  arum  ali  orum. 

Dat.    Alii  alii       alii.  Ali  is          ali  is         ali  is. 

Ace.    Alium  ali  am  aliud.  Ali  6s         alias         aliS. 

Abl.    Ali  6  alia      ali  6.  Ali  is         ali  is         ali  is. 

When  alius  is  repeated  in  the  sentence,  the  first 
alius  means  "  some,"  and  the  second  "  other."  So  Alii 
regem,  alii  reglnam,  culpant  means  "some  blame  the 
king,  others  the  queen." 

[107.]  1.  Sex  menses  totos  mllites  in  castrls  erant. 
2.  Aliud  pueris,  aliud  senibus  gratum  est.  3.  Non  me 
solum,  sed  ipsum  etiam  se,  culpat.  4.  Alii  patri,  alii 
matri  suae,  simillimi  sunt.  5.  Solum  unum  hoc  culpat 
magister.  6.  Alia  de  causa  Mar  cum,  alia  Qumtum,  cul- 
pat. 7.  Nobls  neque  naves  erant  aliae,  neque  mllites 
alii.  8.  Nullms  carmina  quam  tua  pulchriora  sunt. 

9.  Legionem  octavam  totam  hiemem  in  castrls  habet. 

10.  Totlus   ann!  vectigalia   maxima   erunt.      11.  Ista 
verba  neque  patri  neque  magistro  grata  erunt.    12.  Non 
magistro  solum,  sed  etiam  patri,  isti  mores  molestl  sunt. 

13.  Solus  hie  neque  regem  neque  ipsam  reglnam  timet. 

14.  His  de  causls  non  clvibus  solum,  sed  etiam  mlli- 
tibus,  rex  cams  est. 

[108.]  1.  Quintus  has  only  one  brother.  2.  I  alone 
assisted  that  boy.  3.  The  songs  of  no  poet  are  better 
than  yours.  4.  In  the  whole  of  Italy  the  cold  had 
been  very  great.  5.  This  man  often  praises  himself, 
others  never.  6.  Marcus  and  other  boys  frighten  their 


90  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  44. 

sister  by  their  slionts.  7.  Books  alone  delight  that 
old  man.  8.  Neither  in  winter  nor  in  summer  shall  I 
be  away  from  home.  9.  Some  come  to  the  harbour, 
others  remain  in  the  city*  10.  Not  to  me  only,  but  to 
all  the  citizens,  is  the  king  dear.  11.  Some  praise 
this  thing,  others  that.  12.  The  charge  of  the  whole 
army  frightens  the  enemy.  13.  Some  come  to  the 
camp,  others  Caesar  sends  to  the  river.  14.  The  name 
of  one  poet  only  is  known  to  the  boy.  15.  The  boy 
is  already  fourteen  years  old. 


SECTION   44. 

IRREGULAR  ADJECTIVES  —  (Continued). 
Uter,  wliich  (of  two). 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

Masc.     Fern.     Neut.          Masc.         Fein.         Neut. 

Norn.  Uter       utra      utrum.  Utri  utrae       utra. 

Gen.    Utrius  utrius  utrius.  IJtr  orum  utr  arum  utr  orum. 

Dat.    Utri       utri       utri.  Utr  is         utr  is        utr  is. 

Ace.    Utrum  utr  am  utrum.  Utr  6s        utr  as       utra. 

Abl.    Utro      utra      utr  6.  Utr  is         utr  is        utr  is. 

Alter,  the  other  (of  two). 


SINGULAR. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Nom. 

Alter 

alter  a 

alter  um. 

Gen. 

Alter  ius 

alter  ius 

alter  ius. 

Dat. 

Alter! 

alter  I 

alter  I. 

Ace. 

Alter  um 

alter  am 

alter  um. 

Abl. 

Alter  6 

alter  a 

alter  6. 

SEC.  44.] 


Irregular  Adjectives. 


91 


PLURAL. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Norn. 

Alter  i 

alter  ae 

Gen. 

Alter  orum 

alter  arum 

Dat. 

Alter  is 

alter  is 

Ace. 

Alter  os 

alter  as 

Abl. 

Alter  is 

alter  is 

Neut. 

alter  &. 

alter  orum. 

alter  is. 

alter  &. 

alter is. 
Alius,  another  (other). 
Alter,  the  other  {of  two). 
Ceteri,  the  others,  the  rest. 

[109.]  1.  Bex  Agesilaus  altero  pede  claudus  erat. 
2.  Alteram  ex  duabus  legionibus  Caesar  ad  castra 
mittit.  3.  Marcus  et  Qumtus  domum  redeunt;  ceterl 
pueri  in  urbe  manent.  4.  Auxilium  magistrl  pigro 
puero  gratissimum  est.  5.  111!  pueri  quam  ceterl  natii 
majores  sunt.  6.  Qumtus,  vir  optimus,  omnia  alterius 
causa  facit.  7.  Caesar  virtutem  totlus  legionis  laudat. 
8.  Virtus  regis  non  unl  soluni  legion!  sed  tot!  etiam 
exercitul  nota  est.  9.  His  de  causis  alterum  puerum 
laudat,  alterum  culpat,  10.  Utri  puerorum  major  est 
diligentia?  11.  Pigerrimus  ille  puer  saepissime  a 
magistro  auxilium  petit.  12.  Ali!  saepe  auxilium 
petunt,  alii  ipsl  omnia  faciunt.  13.  Utra  sororum 
pulclirior  est  ?  —  Julia  quam  Cornelia  multo  pulchrior 
esse  dicitur.  14.  Balbus  saepissime  domum  meam 
venit :  is  fllius  alter  Marci?  me!  am!c!  carissim!,  est. 

[110.]  1.  The  old  man  is  deaf  in  one  ear.  2.  To 
which  of  the  two  boys  does  he  give  a  reward  ?  3.  Some 
are  present,  others  are  absent.  4.  One  is  present,  the 
other  is  absent.  5.  Marcus  is  present,  the  rest  are 
absent.  6.  I  have  two  brothers  ;  the  one  is  older,  the 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


[SEC.  45. 


other  younger  than  I.  7.  Which  of  the  two  legions  is 
said  to  be  the  braver  ?  8.  Some  boys  always  ask  for 
help,  others  never  ask  for  help.  9.  The  courage  of  the 
soldiers  is  very  great.  10.  The  courage  of  our  soldiers 
is  greater  than  that  of  the  enemy.  11.  Neither  my 
brother  nor  my  sister  is  older  than  you.  12.  Neither 
Balbus  nor  Marcus  is  away  from  home  in  the  winter. 
13.  The  king  himself  is  a  very  brave  soldier.  14.  One 
of  the  sons  is  very  like  (to)  his  father,  the  other  is 
very  unlike.  15.  Of  the  two  boys,  the  one  is  twelve, 
the  other  thirteen  years  old. 


SECTION   45. 

THE  PRONOUNS  —  (  Continued) . 
The  Relative  Pronoun. 


SINGULAR. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Norn. 

Qui 

quae 

quod 

who,  which. 

Gen. 

Cujus 

cujus 

cujus 

whose,  of  which. 

Dat. 

Cui 

CUI 

cm 

to  whom,  to  'which. 

Ace. 

Quern 

quam 

quod 

whom,  which. 

Abl. 

Quo 

qua 

quo 

by  whom  (with 

prep,  a),  by  which. 

Masc. 
Nom.     Qui 
Gen.      Quorum 
Dat.       Quibus 
Ace.       Quos 
Abl.       Quibus 


PLURAL. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

quae 

quae 

quarum 
quibus 

quorum 
quibus 

quas 
quibus 

quae 
quibus 

who,  which, 
whose,  of  which, 
to  whom,  to  which, 
whom,  which, 
by  whom  (with 
prep,  a),  by  which. 


SEC.  45.]  Pronouns.  93 

Interrogative  Pronoun. 

The  interrogative  pronoun  quis,  who,  which,  what? 
is  declined  as  the  relative  qui,  except  in  nom.  sing., 
which  has  quis,  quae,  quid,  and  ace.  sing.,  which  has 
quern,  quam,  quid. 

[111.]  1.  Fluctus,  qui  navem  in  portuin  agunt, 
maxim!  sunt.  2.  Puer,  cujus  pater  dux  erat,  ipse  dux 
erit.  3.  Orator  eos  laudat,  a  quibus  ipse  laudatur. 
4.  Hlc  est  puer  ille,  cul  magister  maximum  praemium 
dat.  5.  Alii  virtutem,  alii  sapientiam,  oratoris  lau- 
dant.  6.  Sapiens  non  eos  laudat,  quibus  pecunia  quam 
sapientia  carior  fuit.  7.  Dux  hostium  totum  exercitum 
ad  mare  ducit.  8.  Caesar  mane  duas  legioiies  equites- 
que  omnes  castrls  educit.  9.  Vesper!  idem  copias  ad 
castra  reducit.  10.  Ducem,  quern  multls  verbis  laudat 
orator,  ceteri  elves  culpant.  11.  Hi  pueri,  quos  magis- 
tri  semper  culpant,  tristissiml  sunt.  12.  Non  eum 
sapientes  laudant,  cujus  divitiae  magnae  sunt,  sed 
qui  suis  rebus  contentus  est.  13.  Caesar  mllites, 
quos  mane  castrls  educit,  vesper!  ad  castra  reducit. 
14.  Quis  hulc  puero  aderit,  qui  nihil  alterius  causa 
facit? 

[112.]  1.  The  old  man,  who  was  already  deaf,  is 
now  lame.  2.  The  slaves,  who  go  out  in  the  morning, 
return  in  the  evening.  3.  The  girl,  who  helps  her 
mother,  is  praised  by  all.  4.  This  is  the  poet,  whose 
works  all  men  are  reading.  5.  This  is  the  merchant, 
to  whom  the  leader  gives  money.  6.  To  which  of  the 
two  does  he  give  the  better  books  ?  7.  Caesar  leads 
the  soldiers  to  the  camp.  8.  The  leader  leads  out  the 
cavalry  from  the  camp.  9.  The  king  leads  back  two 


94  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  45. 

legions  to  the  camp.  10.  All  men  love  those  men  by 
whom  they  are  loved.  11.  Of  the  leaders  the  one  is 
the  wiser,  the  other  is  the  braver.  12.  The  poet  whom 
all  men  praise  is  not  always  the  best.  13.  The  slaves, 
whom  their  master  blames,  are  very  faithful.  14.  Wis- 
dom is  much  better  than  riches.  15.  Those  (is)  are 
not  always  the  best  soldiers,  whose  words  are  the 
bravest. 

XVII.    Ulysses  in  Polyphemus' s  Cave. — I. 

Graecl  post  excidium  Trojae  in  patriarn  revertunt. 
In  his  erat  Ulixes.  Multum  ille  errat,  inultas  terras 
videt,  multa  maria  transit.  Prlmo  anno  cum  duodecim 
comitibus  in  Siciliam  msulam  v6nit.  Siciliam  autem 
illo  tern  pore  non  homines,  sed  ferl  gigantes,  habitabant. 
Cyclopes  eorum  nomen  erat.  Haec  res  Ulix!  non  nota 
est.  Ulixes  igitur  et  comites  ejus  ad  specum  Poly- 
phemi  veniunt.  Is  ferocissimus  omnium  Cyclopum 
est,  idemque  ceterls  corpore  ingentior:  unum  modo 
oculum  in  media  fronte  habet.  In  specii,  igitur,  Graecl 
lac  et  caseos  laeti  inveniunt.  Ipse  autem  non  adest, 
sed  oves  in  montibus  pascit.  Brevi  tempore  ipse  Poly- 
phemus ad  specum  cum  ovibus  revertit.  Primum 
maximo  atque  gravissimo  saxo  januam  specus  claudit. 
.Deinde  oves  .mulget,  et  llgnls  ignem  f acit.  Turn  demurn 
Ulixem  duodecimque  ejus  comites  conspicit. 
(Continued  on  p.  102.) 

Recapitulatory  Exercises. 

E.  1.    Hlc   fllium,   ille    servum,    ad   urbem   mittit. 
2.  Eex  mercatorem  laudat,  elque  magnam  regmae  ima- 


SEC.  45.]  Pronouns.  95 

ginem  dat.  3.  Qumtus  tibi  notus  est :  is  omnium 
amlcorum  milii  longe  carissimus  est.  4.  Ubi  est  ilia 
domus,  quam  tuus  pater  in  hac  urbe  aedificat  ?  5.  Le- 
gati,  quos  hostes  mittunt,  jam  in  castrls  sunt.  6.  Ma- 
gister  pueros  laudat,  elsque  libros  dat.  7.  Kegl  et 
reglnae  eadem  virtus  eadem  sapientia  fuit.  8.  Hi 
puerl  se  pessimis  amlcls  semper  circumdaiit.  9.  Rex 
ad  castra  hostium  copias  ducit,  agrosque  eorum  vastat. 
10.  Uter  fratrum  major  est?  —  Alexander  non  solum 
natu  major,  sed  multo  etiam  sapieiitior,  est. 

F.  1.  The  king  himself  informs  me  of  these  matters. 
2.  This  legion  has  three  thousand  soldiers.  3.  The 
best  part  of  us  is  not  the  body,  but  the  mind. 

4.  The  ambassadors  were  three  miles  from  the  camp. 

5.  The  works  of  Cicero  are  neither  very  difficult  nor 
very  easy.     6.  Girls  and  boys  are  often  not  pleased  by 
the  same   things.     7.  I  am  to-day  twenty-one  years 
old.     8.  The  courage  of  the  seventh  legion  is  often 
praised  by  Caesar.     9.  I  am  older  than  you  by  two 
whole   years.     10.  Many  thousands  of  birds  sing  in 
these  woods  in  summer. 

G-.  1.  Dux  se  multa  oratione  laudat;  milites  suos 
Idem  culpat.  2.  Rex  legatos  de  suis  rebus  certiores 
facit,  eosque  ad  castra  mittit.  3.  Ubi  sunt  illae  aves, 
quae  in  conclavl  tuo  semper  canunt  ?  4.  Hie  puer? 
quern  magister  hodie  culpat,  semper  a  matre  laudatur. 
5.  Hi  milites,  quibus  vita  quam  victoria  carior  est, 
doml  manent ;  ceterl  educuntur.  6.  Alii  in  equites, 
alii  in  pedestres  copias,  acrem  impetum  faciunt. 

7.  Florum  alii  alils    colores  nmlto  pulchriores    sunt. 

8.  Alii  servos  suos   mittunt,  alii  neque   ipsi  vemunt 


96  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  45. 

neque  nos  certiores  faciunt.  9.  Magnus  quercuum, 
quae  in  hortis  nostrls  sunt,  numems  media  aestate 
gratissimus  est.  10.  Hulc  puero  neque  pater  neque 
mater  pecuniam  dat;  illj  pater  noil  pecimiam  solum 
sed  inultas  alias  res  interdum  dat. 

H.  1.  There  are  a  thousand  horsemen  in  that  wing 
of  the  army.  2.  In  summer  the  days,  in  winter  the 
nights,  are  the  longer.  3.  To  few  men  is  wisdom  dear, 
but  all  love  riches.  4.  These  soldiers  have  no  hope  of 
victory ;  they  are  frightened  by  the  enemy.  5.  Nobody's 
horses  were  swifter  than  mine.  6.  This  oak  is  very 
welcome  to  us  all  in  summer.  7.  The  courage  of  these 
men,  the  wisdom  of  those,  is  praised  by  all.  8.  Those 
birds  make  their  little  homes  on  the  tops  of  the  oaks. 
9.  Of  all  his  friends  Quintus  was  by  far  the  dearest  to 
the  king.  10.  The  master  blames  not  you  and  me 
only,  but  all  the  other  boys  also. 

I.  1.  Nothing  was  more  pleasant  to  me  in  my  trouble 
than  this  letter  of  my  mother's.  2.  That  boy's  manners 
are  said  by  all  the  masters  to  be  very  bad.  3.  These 
Ijoys,  who  go  out  from  home  in  the  morning,  always 
come  back  home  in  the  evening.  4.  These  two  men  are 
very  rich,  the  rest  are  very  poor.  5.  Of  the  two 
brothers  the  one  will  be  very  like  his  father  (dat.),  the 
other  very  like  his  mother.  6.  The  girl,  whose  brother 
is  known  to  you,  is  said  to  be  very  pretty.  7.  Where 
are  my  brother's  books,  which  were  in  your  room  ?  He 
has  not  any  others.  8.  To  this  slave,  who  has  been 
very  faithful,  his  master  often  gives  a  reward.  9.  The 
characters  of  the  boys  are  very  unlike ;  this  one  is 
always,  that  one  never,  satisfied.  10.  The  life  of  many 


SEC.  46.]  Verbs,  First  Conjugation.  97 

animals  is  longer  than  that  of  men.  11.  He  has  two 
sisters :  the  one  is  in  Rome,  the  other  is  at  home. 
12.  This  ship,  which  is  now  in  harbour,  is  by  far  the 
fastest  of  all. 


SECTION   46. 

VERBS  :  FIRST  CONJUGATION. 

ACTIVE  VOICE  :  INDICATIVE  MOOD.  —  Present  Tense. 

Amare,  to  love. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

1.  Am  6,  I  love.  1.   Amamus,  we  love. 

2.  Am  as,  you  love.  2.   Ainatis,  you  love. 

3.  Ainat,  he  loves.  3.   Am  ant,  they  love. 

To  this  conjugation  belong  all  the  verbs  with  the 
endings  -at  and  -ant.  Those  already  in  use  are  :  — 

aedificare  delectare  ornare 

circumdare l  incitare  superare 

culpare  laudare  vastare 
dare l 

Nonne  me  amas  ?     Do  you  not  love  me  ? 
Num.  me  amas  ?     You  do  not  love  me,  do  you  ? 

[113.]  1.  Cotidie,  Balbe,  pauperibus  pecuniam  do. 
Num.  me  culpas  ?  2.  Quid !  num.  tu  me,  veterrimum 
amicum,  culpas  ?  3.  Semper  pueros  ad  major  em  dili- 
gentiam  incitamus.  4.  Nonne  nos,  qu!  vobls  semper 
fidissimi  fuimus,  laudatis  ?  5.  Ego  patris  epistulas 
exspecto  :  quid  tu,  Balbe,  exspectas  ?  6.  Quid  !  num. 

1  These  two  verbs  form  their  perfects  differently  from  amare. 
H 


98  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  47. 


vos,  mllites,  adventum  nostrum  exspectatis  ?  7. 
eum  laudo,  cul  maximae  divitiae  sunt,  sed  qm  sapien- 
tissimus  est.  8.  Um  ex  omnibus  Sequ^ni  nihil  earum 
rerum  faciunt,  quas  ceterj  faciunt. 

[114.]  1.  I  blame  not  you  only,  but  your  brother 
also.  2.  We  all  love  our  brothers  and  sisters.  3.  You 
are  not,  are  you,  Quintus,  expecting  a  letter  ?  4.  Boys, 
do  you  not  love  your  fathers  and  mothers  ?  5.  You  do 
not  blame  me,  do  you  ?  —  I  neither  blame  nor  praise 
you.  6.  I  do  not  blame  you,  my  friends  ;  I  blame  you, 
Marcus  !  7.  You  are  not,  are  you,  soldiers,  building 
this  ship  ?  8.  Are  you  not  expecting  Caesar's  arrival, 
soldiers  ?  9.  What  !  do  you  not  praise  me  ?  —  I  do 
not  praise  you.  10.  Marcus  blames  not  himself,  but 
his  friends. 

SECTION  47. 

VERBS:  FIRST  CONJUGATION  —  (Continued). 
ACTIVE  VOICE  :   INDICATIVE  MOOD. 

Imperfect  and  Future  Tenses. 

Imperfect:  Amabam,  I  was  loving. 
Future  :        Amabo,  /  shall  love. 

For  the  complete  tenses,  see  p.  146. 

[115.]  1.  Tibi  dabo  duos  pulcherrimos  libros.  —  Quid 
tu  mihi  dabis  ?  2.  Milites  nostr!  non  has  solum,  sed 
majores  etiam  copias,  aliquando  fugabuiit.  3.  Nihil 
aliud  quam1  animos  civium  ad  bellum  incitabas. 

1  You  were  doing  nothing  but,  etc. 


SEC.  47.]  Verbs,  First  Conjugation. 

4.  Nonne,  mllites,  hostes  superabitis  ?  —  Nihil  aliud 
quam  hostes  fugamus.  5.  Onus,  quod  servus  in  capite 
portabat,  gravissimum  erat.  6.  Num.  tu  laudabis 
hominem,  cujus  pessimi  mores  omnibus  notl  suiit  ? 
7.  Laudabo  non  puerum  solum,  sed  patrem  etiam  ma- 
gistrosque.  8.  Dux  hostium  urbem  nostram  altissimo 
aggere  circumdabat.  9.  Magister  me  herl  laudabat, 
hodie  culpat,  eras  laudabit.  10.  Nonne  te  verba  ma- 
gistri  aliquando  ad  majorem  dlligentiam  incitabunt  ? 

11.  Caesar  equites  onmes  in  dextro  cornu  collocabat. 

12.  Hoc  gravissimum  onus  portabam,  neque  l  f  essus 
erain. 

[116.]  1.  The  ships  were  carrying  three  thousand 
soldiers.  2.  The  soldiers  will  put  to  flight  the  forces 
of  the  enemy.  3.  I  love  you,  my  dearest  mother,  and 
shall  always  love  you.  4.  Where  are  those  slaves  who 
were  carrying  this  burden  ?  5.  I  will  give  you  a  large 
sum  of  money  some  day.  6.  This  slave  will  some  day 
be  a  master  himself.  7.  He  will  place  part  of  the 
cavalry  on  the  right  wing.  8.  I  shall  never  carry  a 
heavier  burden.  9.  Will  you  not  give  (to)  me  my 
books  ?  10.  Caesar  was  placing  the  seventh  legion  on 
the  left  wing.  11.  You  will  not,  will  you,  expect  a 
letter  every  day  ?  12.  Your  courage  will  urge  on  the 
rest,  soldiers  !  13.  Neither  was  I  praising  you  yester- 
day, nor  shall  I  praise  you  to-day.  14.  The  king  leads 
out  a  part  of  his  forces  in  the  summer.  15.  You,  sol- 
diers, will  overcome  and  put  to  flight  the  enemy  ! 

1  And  yet  I  was  not. 


100  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  48. 

SECTION   48. 
VERBS:  FIRST  CONJUGATION — (Continued). 

Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect  Tenses. 

Perfect :  Amavi,  /  have  loved,  or  /  loved. 

Pluperfect :  AmavSram,  I  had  loved. 

Future  Perfect :  AmavSro,  /  shall  have  loved. 

[117.]  1.  Nemo  nos  exspectavit;  omnes  nostrl  im- 
memores  fuistis.  2.  Nonne  haec  gravissima  onera 
portavimus  ?  3.  Nonne  mllites  nostrl  fortiter  piignave- 
runt  ?  4.  Bex  et  reglna  paucos  solum  annos  regnavere. 

5.  Nonne  ingentem  navium  numerum  aedificaveritis  ? 

6.  Equites  quattuor  totas  horas  fortissime  pugnave- 
rant.     7.  Nemo  quam  tu  f ortius  pugnaverit,  Qulnte ! 

8.  Brevi  tempore  tres  naves  longas  aedificaverimus. 

9.  Puemm   neque  ego  culpavi,   neque   tu   laudavisti. 

10.  Eos  laudabo,  qul  fortissime  pugnaverint.     11.  Mlli- 
tes nostrl  summa   virtute  pugnaverant.      12.  Hostes 
legiones  octavam  et  nonam  fugaveruiit. 

[118.]  1.  I  have  fought  bravely,  but  nobody  praises 
me.  2.  With  one  charge  they  had  put  the  enemy  to 
flight.  3.  The  slaves  have  furnished  the  house  with 
all  things.  4.  No  one  will  have  fought  more  bravely. 

5.  The  queen  had  already  reigned  two  years  (ace.). 

6.  Your  letter,  Alexander,  will   have  delighted  your 
father.     7.  We   have   built  five  war-ships.     8.  Your 
help  will  some  day  be  very  welcome  to  your  mother. 
9.  The  father  was  very  often  giving  money  to  his 
son.     10.  The  leader  has  posted  some  men  on  the  left, 


SEC.  49.]  Verbs,  First  Conjugation.  101 

others  on  the  right  wing.  11.  You  have  carried  very 
bravely  a  very  heavy  burden.  12.  They  had  overcome 
the  left  wing  of  the  army.  13.  You  will  have  incited 
the  boy  to  greater  diligence.  14.  The  king  has 
reigned  twenty  years.  15.  Our  men  will  have  laid 
waste  the  enemy's  lands. 


SECTION   49. 

VERBS  :   FIRST  CON ju  GATION  —  (  Continued) . 
THE  PRESENT  INFINITIVE  :   PARTS  OF  THE  IMPERATIVE. 

Am  are,  to  love. 

Am  a,  love  thou,  love  (speaking  to  one  person). 

Am  ate,  love  ye,  love  (speaking  to  more  than  one  person). 

[119.]  1.  Quis  potest  istos  mores,  puer,  laudare? 
Nemo  potest.  2.  Servl  hoc  gravissimum  onus  mani- 
bus  portare  non  possunt.  3.  Ama  fratres,  Qumte ! 
Quid  dulcius  esse  potest,  quam  fratres  amare  ?  4.  Or- 
nate, puellae,  mensam  floribus  !  —  Nihil  aliud  quam 
mensam  ornamus.  5.  Dux  equites  agros  hostium  vas- 
tare  jubet.  6.  Caesar  decimam  legionem  adventum 
suum  exspectare  jubet.  7.  Pugnate  fortissime,  mili- 
tes !  Hostes  iam  adsunt.  8.  Fugate  equites,  milites !  — 
Nihil  difficilius  esse  potest  quam  hos  fugare  equites. 

[120.]  1.  Nobody  is  able  to  carry  all  the  books. 
2.  Fight  bravely,  soldiers !  The  leader  will  praise 
you.  3.  He  orders  the  cavalry  to  urge  on  their 
horses.  4.  The  ambassadors  come  to  Caesar  and  ask 
for  help.  5.  They  have  fought  more  bravely  to-day 
than  yesterday.  6.  Nobody  can  blame  the  king  and 


102  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  49. 

queen.  7.  He  orders  me  to  give  him  wine.  8.  Give 
(to)  me  Cicero's  speeches,  boy  !  9.  They  order  the 
slaves  to  carry  the  burden  to  the  city.  10.  They  are 
not  able  to  put  the  enemy  to  flight. 

XVIII.    Ulysses  in  Polyphemus9 s  Cave.  —  II. 
[Translate  again  No.  XVII.,  p.  94,  before  doing  this.] 

Polyphemus  statim  Ulixem  comitesque  ejus  inter- 
rogat,  "  Estis  mercatores  an  praedones  ?  "  Gravis  vox 
Cyclopis  omnes  magnopere  terret.  Eespondet  Ulixes 
"  Graeci  sumus  :  tempestas  nos  a  cursu  nostro  in  istam 
msulam  deicit.  Nonne  tu,  qui  magmis  homo  es  et 
validisshnus,  nos,  hospites  tuos,  ut  mos  est  Graecorum, 
benigne  tractabis  ?  gratissiml  in  te  erimus.  Si  tameii 
in  nos  crudelis  fueris,  del,  quibus  hospites  curae  sunt, 
crudelitatem  tuam  vindicabunt."  Sed  Polyphemus, 
rldens,  "Dei  vestri/'  inquit,  "me  non  terrent;  ego 
enim  et  robustior  et  potentior  multo  sum,  quam  illi." 
Turn  duos  comites  Ulixis  magna  vl  in  saxum  jacit. 
Postquam  membra  eorum  laceravit,  cenam  sibi  parat ; 
carnem  et  ossa  humana  devorat.  "  Quam  me  delectat," 
exclamat,  "  horum  Graeculorum  caro  !  undecim  super- 
sunt :  multos  dies  praeclarissime  cenabo."  Audiunt 
Graeci ;  gelidus  sudor  per  membra  manat. 


SEC.  50.]  Verbs,  Second  Conjugation.  103 

SECTION   50. 
VERBS  :   SECOND  CONJUGATION. 

M6ner£,  to  advise. 

Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future  Tenses. 
Present :       Mon  eo,  /  advise. 
Imperfect :  Monebam,  /  was  advising. 
Future  :        Mon  ebo,  /  shall  advise. 

To  this  conjugation  belong  the  verbs  already  used 
with  endings  -et  and  -ent.  These  are :  habed,  jubed, 
maneo,  terreo,  timed,  video. 

[121.]  1.  Ego  mare  timeo ;  te  iieque  fluctus  neque 
vent!  terrent.  2.  Timebant  eos,  qul  saepe  exercitus 
suos  superaverunt.  3.  Hi  homines  multam  pecuniam 
ill!  mercatori  debebant.  4.  Nostr!  mllites  fortissime 
pugnare  debent.  5.  Num.  nos  naves  aedificare  jubetis  ? 
Jam  fessi  sumus.  6.  Ees  adversae  animum  fortis 
illms  viri  non  terrebunt.  7.  Amicus  metis  tres  annos 
totos  Komae  manebit.  8.  Pueri  saepe  clamoribus  has 
parvas  puellas  terrebant.  9.  Nonne  vides  hos  servos, 
qul  naves  aedificant  ?  10.  Brevi  tempore,  mllites, 
non  equites  solum  sed  totum  etiam  exercitum  supera- 
veritis ! 

[122.]  1.  Do  you  not  see,  my  friends,  the  enemy's 
ships  in  the  harbour  ?  2.  Yesterday  they  were  re- 
maining at  home ;  to-morrow  they  will  not  remain. 
3.  I  often  see  your  slaves  in  the  city.  4.  You  ought 
to  await  your  father's  arrival.  5.  The  king  was  owing 
a  large  sum  of  money  to  the  merchant.  6._You  do 


Q*  THE 

foiiviasww 


Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  51. 

not  fear  the  enemy's  shouts,  soldiers,  do  you  ?  7.  Cae- 
sar's arrival  will  frighten  the  king  of  the  enemy. 
8.  They  have  fought  very  bravely,  nor  did  they  fear 
the  enemy.  9.  They  were  ordering  the  slaves  to 
decorate  the  table.  10.  Do  you  not  see  the  soldiers, 
who  are  building  the  ships?  11.  This  war  will 
delight  the  soldiers,  it  will  frighten  the  citizens. 
12.  You  will  not,  will  you,  fear  the  enemy,  soldiers  ? 
Have  you  not  often  overcome  them  ? 


SECTION   51. 
VERBS:   SECOND  CONJUGATION — (Continued). 

Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect  Tenses. 
Perfect :  Monui,  /  have  advised,  I  advised. 

Pluperfect :  Monu8ram,  /  had  advised. 

Future  Perfect :  Monu  Sro,  1  shall  have  advised. 

Three  of  the  verbs  of  this  conjugation  already  in 
use,  jubed,  maneo,  and  video,  do  not  form  their  per- 
fects, and  therefore  their  future  perfects  and  pluper- 
fects, like  moneo. 

[123.]  1.  Soror  mea  optime  valuit,  ego  non  valui. 
2.  Omnes  tacuistis,  amicl:  mini  ilium  oratorem  timu- 
istis  ?  3.  Pater  tuus  hodie  melius  valere  dicitur. 
4.  Saepe  jam  monuistl,  saepe  culpavisti,  pueros.  5.  Om- 
nes  tacebant :  nemo  oratorem  laudabat.  6.  Fluctus, 
quos  hae  puellae  timuerant,  illos  pueros  delectabant. 
7.  Pueros  cotldie  in  hortls  aestate  videbam.  8.  111! 
pueri  miseras  aves  clamoribus  terruerint.  9.  Magister 


SEC.  5i.]          Verbs,  Second  Conjugation.  105 

pueros  omnes  iterum  atque  iternm  tacere  jubebat. 
10.  Tace,1  puer  :  sermone  tuo  jam  fessl  sunrns.  11.  Hi 
pueri  non  solum  nihil  habent,  sed  nrnltam  etiam  pecu- 
niain  debent.  12.  Yale  iterum  atque  iterum,  amice 
carissime  !  Quando  te  videbo  ? 

[124.]   1.  I  am  always  ordering  the  boy  to  be  silent. 

2.  The  arrival  of  the  master  frightened  the   slaves. 

3.  My  mother  was  better  yesterday.     4.  Those  girls 
feared  the  waves  of  the  sea.     5.    Be   silent !  —  In  a 
short  time  I  will  be  silent.     6.  Good-bye  again  and 
again,  Quintus !     I  shall  expect  a  letter.     7.  Can  he 
not  be  silent  ?     I  am  tired.     8.  The  words  of  the  am- 
bassadors frightened  the  citizens.     9.  The  king  will 
have  feared  the  words  of  the  soldiers.     10.  You  will 
see  the  rest  of  them  every  day.     11.  It  is  time  to  be 
silent :  we  are  all  tired.     12.  The  shouts  of  the  enemy 
had  frightened  neither  leader  nor  soldiers.     13.  You 
have  never  praised  me.  —  You  have  never  been  silent. 
14.  I  have  warned  the  boy  again  and  again :  he  can- 
not hold  his  tongue.     15.    Good-bye,   my  brother,  I 
shall  see  you  again  in  a  short  time. 

XIX.    Ulysses  in  Polyphemus' ]s  Cave.  —  III. 

Idem  facit  saevus  ille  Polyphemus  postero  die,  et 
post  cenam  specu  excedit,  et  pecora  in  montibus  pascit ; 
sed  prius  saxo,  ut  antea,  ingentr  januam  specus  clau- 
dit.  Turn  Ulixes  comitesque  ejus  deliberabant,  "Quo- 
modo  nos  ab  hoc  crudelissimo  monstro  liberabimus  ? 
Nonne  omnes  lacerabit,  omnes  devorabit?"  Tandem 

1  Imperative,  see  p.  155. 


Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  52. 

Ulixes  callidissiniuni  consilium  comitibus  aperit,  quod 
omnes  laetl  probabant.  Vesperl,  ut  mos  ejus  erat, 
Cyclops  in  specum  revertit.  Turn  Ulixes  poculum 
vino,  quod  secum  portaverat,  implet,  et  Polyphemo 
dat.  "Bibe,"  inquit,  "ml  Polypheme  carissime;  hoc 
vlnmn  optimnm  est."  Bibit  Polyphemus.  "Verum 
est  quod  dicis,  hoc  vinum  optimum  est.  Da  mini,  oro 
te,  amice,  alterum  poculum  vinl !  Sed  quid  tibi  nomen 
est,  parve  homo  ?  "  Turn  Ulixes,  postquam  poculum 
iterum  implevit,  "O  Polypheme,"  inquit,  "rarum 
nomen  mihi  est,  Nemo  nomen  est."  "Ml  carissime 
Nemo,"  respondet  ridens  Polyphemus,  "  optimum 
vinum  mihi  das,  ego  tibi  hoc  praemium  dabo ;  te  pos- 
tremum  omnium  ad  cenam  mihi  parabo." 


SECTION   52. 
VERBS:  THIRD  CONJUGATION  —  INDICATIVE  MOOD. 

Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future  Tenses. 

Regere,  to  rule. 
Present :       Reg  6,  /  rule. 
Imperfect :  Reg  ebam,  I  was  ruling. 
Future  :        Reg  am,  /  shall  rule. 

To  this   conjugation  belong  the   following  verbs, 
which  have  already  been  used :  — 

1.  Ago,  cano,  duco  (educo,   reduco),  lego,  mitto,  pend5, 
peto.    2.  Facio. 

[125.]   1.  Alii  multa  dicent,  alii  tacebunt.     2.  Num. 
tu  semper  hanc  urbem  incoles  ?     3.  Eex  elves  vectlga- 


SEC.  52.]  Verbs,  Third  Conjugation.  107 

lia  pendere  jubebat.  4.  Puer  opera  Ciceronis  legere 
debet.  5.  Libros,  quos  semper  in  manibus  habes,  legis 
nunquam.  6.  Nemo  verba  senum  illorum  sapientium 
contemnere  debet.  7.  Tibi,  puella,  quos  habeo  pul- 
cherrimos  flores  dabo !  8.  Hostes  tela  omnis  generis 
in  equites  nostros  jaciebant.  9.  Hostes  semper  tela  in 
nostros  jaciunt,  neque  multos  inter  ficiunt.  10.  Quintus 
fratrem  cotldie  de  omnibus  rebus  certiorem  faciet. 
11.  Caesar  partem  equitum  in  monte  collocabit,  partem 
ad  flumen  mittet.  12.  Nonne  aliquando  liunc  librum 
leges  ?  te  delectabit. 

[126.]  1.  The  waves  will  drive  the  ships  on  to  the 
shore.  2.  The  enemy  will  not  Sill  many  with  their 
darts.  3.  Many  birds  will  be  singing  in  our  gardens 
in  summer.  4.  Soldiers,  you  will  throw  your  darts  in 
vain  !  5.  When  will  you  be  silent  ?  your  conversation 
is  not  welcome.  6.  What  were  they  saying  to  you  ?  — 
They  said  nothing.  7.  We  inhabit  a  very  famous  and 
very  beautiful  city.  8.  You  ought  not  to  despise  your 
brother's  words.  9.  The  darts  of  the  enemy  were  very 
sharp.  10.  You  are  very  well,  are  you  not?  —  I  am 
very  well.  11.  Our  men  were  killing  two  thousand  of 
the  enemy.  12.  Caesar  was  leading  out  all  the  cav- 
alry from  the  camp.  13.  I  shall  read  the  book  again 
to-morrow.  14.  Will  you  send  your  slave  to  (ad)  me 
some  day  ?  15.  Good-bye,  brother ;  good-bye,  sisters  ! 
the  ship  is  now  in  harbour. 


108  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  53. 

SECTION   53. 

VERBS:  THIRD  CONJUGATION — (Continued). 
INDICATIVE  MOOD. 

Future,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect  Tenses. 

Perfect :  Rexi,  /  have  ruled,  I  ruled. 

Pluperfect :  Rex  Sram,  /  had  ruled. 

Future  Perfect :  Rex  Sro,  /  shall  have  ruled. 

By  no  means  all  the  verbs  of  this  conjugation  form 
their  perfects  (and  consequently  the  future  perfect 
and  pluperfect)  like  rego.  Some  of  these  appear  in 
the  following  exercise  in  italics,  but  only  regular  per- 
fects are  introduced  into  the  English  into  Latin  exer- 
cises. 

[127.]  1.  Ille  senex  octoginta  sex  annos  jam  vlxit. 
2.  111!  nautae  navem  suam  optime  rexerint.  3.  Hostes 
gravissima  tela  in  nostros  jecerunt.  4.  Regem  de  Cae- 
saris  legionumque  adventu  certiorem  statim  fecerunt. 
5.  Caesar  milites  majores,  quam  jam  fecerant,  naves 
statim  aedificare  jubebat.  6.  Nostri  omnes,  qui  illam 
urbem  incolebant,  homines  interfecerunt.  7.  Quid 
utilius  esse  potest  quam  bonos  libros  legere  ?  8.  Non 
a  me,  sed  a  fratre  tuo,  Quinte,  auxilium  pete ! 

9.  Contemnite    dlvitias,    elves ;    sapientiam    amate ! 

10.  Quid    tristius    esse   potest   quam   nunquam    va- 
lere  ?     11.  Prorae  ingentes  nostrarum  navium  hostes 
terruerunt.     12.   Frater   tuus   te   valere  jubet ;  pater 
eum    exspectat.     13.  Pende    quam   mihi   debes  pecu- 
niam  !  — Neque  debeo  neque  pendam.     14.  Multis  pue- 


SEC.  53.]  Verbs,  Third  Conjugation.  109 

ris  tacere  res  difficillima  esse  dicitur.  15.  Quid  regl 
dixisti? —  Eadem,  quae  jam  tibi,  dixi.  16.  Non  a 
te,  sed  ab  amlcis  mels,  auxilium  petam.  17.  Non  Qulnto 
solum  sed  omnibus  etiam  amlcis  pecuriiam  debuisti. 

18.  111!   oratores   iterum   atque  iterum  eadem  dlxere. 

19.  Hie  rex  elves  optime  rexit,  fuitque  omnibus  caris- 
simus.     20.  Nonne  mox  tacebis,  orator?  —  Non  jam 
(yet)  omnia  quae  debul  dixi. 

[128.]  1.  My  friend  lived  thirty-three  years  (ace.) 
2.  Caesar  had  led  out  three  legions  at  once  from  the 
camp.  3.  What  did  you  say  to  your  brother  ?  —  I  said 
only  a  few  words.  4.  The  sailor  steered  (rego)  the 
ship  with  one  hand.  5.  The  sailors  had  steered  the 
ships  very  well.  6.  You  ought  not  to  ask  for  help. 
7.  They  cannot  inhabit  the  same  city  always.  8.  You 
will  soon  read  Caesar's  works.  9.  The  slaves  were 
killing  their  master.  10.  The  sailors  will  soon  throw 
the  flowers  into  the  sea.  11.  The  king  led  his  forces 
at  once  to  the  river.  12.  What,  my  friends,  did  you 
say  to  that  merchant  ?  13.  Caesar  will  have  led 
the  army  back  to-morrow.  14.  The  king  will  have 
lived  fifty  years  to-morrow.  15.  Despise  the  words 
and  the  shouts  of  the  enemy,  sailors  ! 

XX.    Ulysses  in  Polyphemus' s  Cave.  —  IV. 

Polyphemum,  qu!  non  unum  et  alterum  solum  sed 
plurima  etiam  pocula  vim  biberat,  altus  somnus  oppri- 
mit.  Ulixes  autem  jam  antea  palum,  quern  in  specu 
invenerat,  acuerat,  et  candentem  fecerat.  Hunc  can- 
dentem  palum  in  unum  oculum  Polyphemi  intrusit,  et 
ita  Cyclopem  excaecavit.  Is,  postquam  dolorem  sen- 


110  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  54. 

sit,  omnium  Cyclopum  auxilitun  imploravit.  Cyclopes 
igitur  ad  specum  veneruDt,  et  interrogaverunt,  "  Quis 
te,  0  Polypheme,  necare  cupit  ? "  Kespondet  ille, 
"Nemo  me  necare  cupit,  amlel."  Exclamant  Cyclopes, 
"  Cur  auxilium  nostrum  imploravistl,  si  nemo  te  necare 
cupit !  "  Turn  domum  reverterunt.  Polyphemus  au- 
teui  frustra  Graecos  toto  specu  capere  cuplvit ;  semper 
ex  manibus  ejus  se  eripiunt.  "  Ubi  estis,  amic!  ?  " 
exclamat.  Graeci  callide  tacebant.  Postero  die  more 
suo  Cyclops  saxum,  quod  januam  claudebat,  amovet, 
et  oves  emittit.  Ulixes  auteni  comites  suos  sub  alvis 
ovium  religaverat ;  ipse  se  manibus  sub  alvo  arietis 
tenebat.  Ita  omnes  feliciter  carcere  excedunt. 


SECTION   54. 
VERBS  :  FOURTH  CONJUGATION  —  INDICATIVE  MOOD. 

Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future  Tenses. 
Audire,  to  hear. 

Present :       Audio,  /  hear. 

Imperfect :  Aud  iebam,  /  was  hearing. 

Future  :        Aud  iam,  /  shall  hear. 

[129.]  1.  Hi  miser!  pueri  dormlre  non  possunt. 
2.  Vem  solus !  ceteros  videre  non  cupio.  3.  Vestras 
epistulas,  amicl,  neque  potest  legere  neque  cupiet! 
4.  Num.  semper  tuam,  Balbe,  yocem  audiam  ?  Nun- 
quam  tacebis  ?  5.  Multa  hodie  scio,  quae  lieri  nescie- 
bam.  6.  Quando  fratres  vestrl,  Balbe  et  Quinte,  do- 
mum  venient  ?  —  Nesclmus.  7.  Caesar  copias  omnes 


SEC.  54.]          Verbs,  Fourth  Conjugation. 

ad  flumen  statini  convenlre  jubet.  8.  Legiones  ties  in 
armls  sunt,  duae  ad  castra  redeunt.  9.  Mllites  decimae 
legionis  mox  ad  auxilium  convenient.  10.  Nunquam 
cum  majoribus  hostium  copils  pugnaverunt  nostrl. 
11.  Caesar  milites,  quorum  magnum  numerum  habebat, 
ex  omnibus  portibus  convenire  jubet.  12.  Scio  :  omnia 
ex  amlco  audiebam  j  semper  me  de  his  rebus  omnibus 
certiorem  facit. 

[130.]  1.  The  leader  hears  the  soldiers'  shouts. 
2.  He  will  not  hear  your  words  :  he  is  deaf  in  that 
ear.  3.  Where  will  your  brothers  be  to-morrow, 
friends  ?  —  We  don't  know.  4.  What  do  you  hear 
from  (ex,  with  abl.)  Balbus  about  these  affairs? 

5.  Caesar  orders  the  soldiers  to  come  together  at  once. 

6.  Your  brothers  cannot  come  to  you  every  day.    7.  Our 
soldiers  will  send  no  dart  in  vain.     8.  You  will  not, 
will  you,  sleep  the  whole  day  (ace.)  ?     9.  Boys,  the 
master  desires  to  see  your  books  !     10.  The  king  him- 
self was   coming  to   (ad)    the   city.     11.  When  will 
you  come  ?  —  I   do  not   know.     12.  To-day  I   know, 
yesterday  I  did  not  know.     13.  They  wish  to  sleep, 
but  they  are  not  able.     14.  Where  are  the  slaves  ?  — 
They  will  come  soon.     15.  When  will  you  be  silent  ? 
— Do  you  not  wish  to  hear  us  ? 


Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  55. 

SECTION   55. 

VERBS  :  FOURTH  CONJUGATION. 
Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect  Tenses. 

Perfect :  Audivi,  /  have  heard,  I  heard. 

Pluperfect :  Audlv&ram,  7  had  heard. 

Future  Perfect :  Audiv  Sro,  /  shall  have  heard. 

1.  Audivisti-ne  omnia  ?  Have  you  heard  everything  ? 

2.  Ndnne  omnia  audivisti?     Have  you  not  heard  everything  ? 

3.  Num.  omnia  audivisti  ?         You  have  not  heard  everything, 

have  you  ? 

[131 .]  1.  Quid !  nonne  audivl  omnia  quae  puerl  vestrl 
dlcebaiit  ?  2.  Non  hodie  cupls,  quae  her!  cupivistl. 
3.  Mllites  jam  castra  muniverunt;  omnes  eras  inarmls 
erunt.  4.  Audlveras-ne  ea  quae  dicebam  ?  —  Audl- 
veram.  5.  Haec-ne  omnia  nesclvisti  ?  —  Nemo  me 
certiorem  fecit.  6.  Hae  puellae  totum  diem  dormlve- 
runt.  7.  Cuplvistl-iie  omnes  hos,  quos  habuistl,  libros 
legere  ?  8.  Partem  orationis  omnes  audiverunt,  partem 
audlvit  nemo.  9.  Milites,  qul  herl  castra  muniebant, 
hodie  omnes  in  armls  erunt.  10.  Tempus-ne  est  dor- 
mire  ?  fessum  sum.  —  Tempus  est,  dormi !  11.  Vem, 
statim,  Marce  !  nonne  me  audis  ?  12.  Yenite,  puerl, 
cotidie  ad  me  cum  omnibus  vestrls  librls ! 

[132.]  1.  Some  fortified  the  camp,  others  were  in 
arms.  2.  Have  you  heard,  citizens,  the  words  of  your 
king  ?  3.  Have  you  not  already  fortified  the  camp, 
soldiers  ?  4.  You  have  not  been  asleep  all  day,  Quin- 
tus,  have  you  ?  5.  Come  to-morrow,  Marcus  !  I  wish 


SEC.  55.]          Verbs,  Fourth  Conjugation.  113 

to  see  you.  6.  Are  you  tired,  boys  ?  It  is  time  to 
sleep.  7.  Be  silent,  boys !  The  master  will  hear 
your  shouts.  8.  Did  you  wish  to  come  ?  —  No,  I  did 
not  wish.  9.  They  were  ignorant  of  everything.  — Did 
you  tell  them  (dat.)  everything  ?  10.  Quintus  will 
have  slept  for  twelve  hours.  11.  Will  he  carry  all 
these  things  to  the  city  ?  12.  Will  you  fear  the 
enemy's  charge  ?  13.  Will  they  tell  nothing  to  their 
brothers  and  sisters  ?  14.  Will  he  hear  the  songs  of 
the  birds  ?  15.  Will  you  inform  Caesar  of  the  enemy's 
approach  ? 

XXI.    Ulysses  in  Polyphemus' s  Cave.  —  V. 

Turn  summa  celeritate  ad  litus  properaverunt. 
Navem  conscendunt,  et  a  lltore  solvunt.  Ulixes  autem 
magna  voce  clamavit,  u  0  Polypheme,  si  amlcl  tul  te  in- 
terrogaverint,  '  Quis  te  excaecavit  ?  '  ita  te  respondere 
jubebo,  <  Ulixes  me  excaecavit.' "  Polyphemus  autem, 
ira  mfensus,  ingens  saxum  in  navem  jecit,  quod  Grae- 
corum  navem  paene  oppressit.  Ulixes  autem  post 
multos  tandem  errores  f eliciter  ad  patriam  venit.  Ad- 
ventus  ejus  Penelopae  uxor!  et  Telemacho  fllio  gratis- 
simus  fuit. 

XXII.    Gaius  Mucius  Scaevola. 

Dum  Etruscl  aliquando  Eomam  obsident,  Gaius 
Mucius,  adulescens  nobilis,  consilium  audacissimum 
init.  Nam  penetrare  in  hostium  castra,  et  ipsum  re- 
gem  Porsinam  interficere,  constituit.  Ferum  igitur 
intra  vestem  abdit^  et  castra  hostium  clam  intrat. 


Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  55. 

Ingens  ibi  turba  prope  regium  tribunal  adstat ;  nam 
•  forte  mllitibus  stipendium  datur.  Scrlba  autem  cum 
rege  par!  fere  ornatu  sedebat :  eum  mllites  vulgo 
adeunt.  Mucius  igiturA  qul  regis  facieni  ignorabat 
neque  rogare  mllites  audebat,  ferrum  arripit,  et  scri- 
bam  pro  rege  obtruncat.  Turn  sibi  ipse  per  trepidam 
turbarn  viam  facit ;  sed  mllites  regil  juvenem  compre- 
hendunt,  et  ad  regem  retrahunt.  Clamat  rex,  "  Quis 
te  ad  hoc  f acinus  adduxit  ?  "  et  milites  statim  ignem 
adferre  jubet.  Turn  Mucius,  "Civis  Romanus  sum, 
iieque  Ignem  timeo,"  et  statim  dextram  manum  in 
flammam  inicit,  neque  torrentem  retrahit.  Rex,  tanta 
audacia  attonitus,  mllites  juvenem  ab  flammls  amovere 
jubet.  "Te  vero,  tantae  virtutis  juvenem,  liberum 
dlmitto."  Turn  Mucius  callide,  "  Quia,"  inquit,  "meam 
virtutem  honoravistl,  tibi  aperiam  quod  sclre  cupiebas. 
Nos  trecenti,  prmcipes  juventtitis  Romanae,  in  mortem 
tuam  conjuravimus.  Forte  ego  eorum  primus  ful; 
ceterl,  suo  quisque  tempore,  aderunt."  Rex,  his  ver- 
bls  conterritus,  pacem  cum  Romanls  facit,  et  exerciturn 
reducit. 

Recapitulatory  Exercises. 

J.  1.  Omnes-ne  tuos  servos  ad  urbem  mittes  ?  — 
Tres  solum  mittam,  ceterl  dornl  manebunt.  2.  Num 
unus  homo  hanc  totam  navem  regere  potest  ?  3.  Yale, 
in!  frater,  saepe  mihi  de  tuls  rebus  nuntium  mitte ! 
4.  Ille  sapiens  homines  dlvitias  conternnere,  sapientiam 
amare,  jubet.  5.  Nostra  tela  longissima,  vestra,  hostes, 
brevissima  sunt  !  6.  Nonne  pecuniam,  quam  mercatorl 
debetis,  aliquaudo  pendetis  ?  7.  Eos  mllites,  qul  for- 


SEC.  55.J          Verbs,  fourth  Conjugation.  115 

tissime  pugnaverant,  in  sinistro  cornu  collocabat. 
8.  Milites  tertiae  legionis, .  qul  her!  in  armls  erant, 
castra  eras  munient.  9.  Portate,  servi,  ad  conclave 
meum  omnes  hos  libros,  qui  in  mensa  sunt ! 

K.  1.  You  will  not,  will  you,  lead  back  all  the  in- 
fantry forces  at  once  to  the  camp  ?  2.  Where  will 
you  station  the  cavalry  ?  —  I  shall  station  them  all  on 
the  wings.  3.  I  will  send  the  slave,  whom  you  see,  at 
once  to  the  city.  4.  The  enemy  will  never  have  fought 
more  bravely  than  to-day.  5.  Have  you  often  been  in 
Koine  ?  —  I  have  never  been  in  Borne.  6.  Are  you 
older  than  your  brother  ?  —  I  am  the  youngest  of  all 
my  brothers.  7.  Do  you  always'carry  your  books  on 
your  head  ?  Are  you  not  tired  ?  8.  Did  not  the 
girl's  beautiful  voice  charm  all  ?  9.  These  ships  are 
far  faster  than  those.  10.  Have  you  heard  the  things 
which  I  was  saying  ?  —  I  am  deaf,  I  did  not  hear  your 
words. 

L.  1.  Quid,  puerl,  magistro  dicetis  ?  —  Omnia  el, 
quae  tibi  jam  dlximus,  dlcemus.  2.  Con  tent  me  fuistis 
ejus  oratione  ?  —  ISTon  totam  oratioiiem,  sed  pauca  solum 
verba  audivimus.  3.  Ama  matrein,  cm  non  vitam 
solum  sed  omnia  etiam  quae  habes  et  habebis  debes. 
4.  Equitum  pars  in  dextro,  pars  in  sinistro  cornu  col- 
locatur.  5.  Pulchriores  quam  quos  in  hortis  habes 
nores  nunquam  videbo.  6.  Utri  superabuiit  ?  —  Hos- 
tes:  in  animis  nostrorum  iiulla  est  spes  victoriae. 
7.  Hi  servi,  pessimi  homines,  dominum  suum,  optimum 
virum,  semper  culpabant.  8.  N"unquam  latiore  aggere 
quam  hie  est  castra  muniuntur.  9.  Hoc  conclave  du- 
centos  pedes  longum  esse  dicitur.  10.  Fluctusne  navem 
in  litus  agunt  ?  —  Nautae  non  jam  regere  possunt. 


116  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  56. 

M.  1.  My  brother  is  always  charmed  by  your  witty 
talk.  2.  Do  you  hear  those  shouts  ?  —  I  hear.  Have 
our  men  put  the  enemy  to  flight  ?  3.  What !  sailor, 
did  you  fear  these  little  clouds  ?  you  ought  to  despise 
them.  4.  The  enemy  will  soon  come  together.  5.  The 
cavalry  were  killing  all  who  were  in  arms.  6.  Will  you 
not  ask  help  from  me,  your  best  friend  ?  7.  Urge  on 
your  horses,  soldiers  !  you  will  soon  have  put  the  enemy 
to  flight.  8.  Good-bye,  mother !  good-bye,  brothers  ! 
expect  frequent  letters  !  9.  The  boy  lived  ten  years 
only.  10.  Have  you  not  fought  bravely,  soldiers  ? 
Have  you  not  defeated  the  enemy  ?  — We  have  fought 
very  bravely,  and  yet  (neque)  we  have  not  defeated 
the  enemy. 

SECTION   56. 

VERBS  :  PASSIVE  VOICE. 

FIRST  CONJUGATION:  INDICATIVE  MOOD. 

Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future  Tenses. 
A  marl,  to  be  loved. 

Present :       Am  or,  /  am  loved. 
Imperfect :  Am  abar,  /  was  being  loved. 
Future  :        Amabor,  I' shall  be  loved. 

[133.]  1.  Fratres  a  sororibus,  sorores  a  fratribus, 
amar!  debent.  2.  Epistulls  tills,  frater,  omnes  delecta- 
mur !  3.  Milites,  qui  castra  muniebant,  a  duce  laudan- 
tur.  4.  Praemio  non  ornaris,  nam  pigerrimus  fuistl. 
5.  Adventus  classis  nuntiatur ;  paucis  diebus  in  portu 


SEC.  56.]  Verbs,  Passive  Voice.  117 

erit.  6.  Num.  ab  hostibus,  quos  saepe  jam  supera- 
vistis,  mine  ipsl  superabiminl  ?  7.  Nimtios-ne  ad 
Caesarem  cotidie  rnittebant  ?  8.  Castra  jam  a  copils 
hostium  pedestribus  circumdabantur.  9.  Agri  nostri 
totum  diem  ab  equitibus  vastabantur.  10.  Amlcus 
tuus  carminibus  Horatii  delectabitur.  11.  Crebriores 
epistulas  iifmtiosque  ad  Caesarem  de  his  rebus  mit- 
tent.  12.  Ego  amlcique  mel  pulcherrima  puellae  voce 
delectabamur. 

[134.]  1.  It  is  not  given  to  all  men  to  be  always 
well.  2.  It  is  pleasant  to  be  sometimes  praised. 
3.  The  Eoman  fleet  is  being  put  to  flight  by  the 
enemy.  4.  I  am  charmed  with  your  welcome  letter. 
5.  You  are  blamed  by  those  (is)  who  ought  to  praise 
you.  6.  The  arrival  of  the  whole  fleet  was  being  an- 
nounced. 7.  The  messengers  were  coming  from  Cae- 
sar to  the  fleet.  8.  That  burden  will  very  easily 
be  carried  by  the  slaves.  9.  We  all  desire  to  be 
praised.  10.  All  these  things  will  soon  be  announced. 
11.  Will  the  messengers  come  soon  ?  —  I  do  not 
know.  12.  The  cavalry  were  being  posted  on  the 
left  wing.  13.  The  table  will  be  decorated  with 
flowers  by  the  girls.  14.  The  whole  fleet  of  the 
enemy  will  soon  be  put  to  flight.  15.  Were  you  not 
charmed  with  the  king's  speech  ? 


113  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  57. 

SECTION   57. 

FIRST  CONJUGATION. 

PASSIVE  VOICE:  INDICATIVE  MOOD — (Continued). 

Perfect :  Amatus  sum,  /  have  been  loved,  I  was  loved. 

Pluperfect :  Amatus  eram,  /  had  been  loved. 

Future  Perfect :  Amatus  ero,  /  shall  have  been  loved. 

[135.]  1.  A  ceteris  saepe,  a  te,  Quint  e,  nunquam 
laudatus  sum!  2.  Nonne  pars  equitum  in  dextro 
cornu  collocabitur  ?  3.  Triginta  jam  dies  agrl  nostrl 
vastati  sunt ;  frustra  auxilium  exspectatur.  4.  Magna 
pars  Italiae  a  Carthaginiensibus  vastata  erat.  5.  Ad- 
ventus  navium  longarum  a  crebris  mintils  nuntiatus 
erit.  6.  !Nonne  tu,  Cornelia,  hoc  gratissimo  iiuntio 
delectata  es  ?  7.  Floribus,  qui  in  horto  tuo  sunt,  saepe 
delectatl  sumus.  8.  Classis  jam  omnibus  rebus  6r- 
nata  est.  9.  Hoc  gravissimum  onus  a  parvo  puero  ad 
urbem  portatum  erat.  10.  Copiae  hostium  a  nostrls 
saepe  jam  fugatae  sunt.  11.  Calcaria  mea  fratri  tuo 
a  patre  data  sunt.  12.  Ab  equitibus  nostrls  sex  totas 
horas  fortissiine  pugnatum  est. 

Notice  that  the  participle  (amatus,  laudatus,  etc.), 
which  along  with  sum  goes  to  form  these  tenses,  has 
to  agree  in  gender  or  number  with  the  subject. 

[136.]  1.  You  have  been  praised  by  everybody:  are 
you  not  satisfied  ?  2.  Our  lands  have  been  laid  waste 
by  the  cavalry.  3.  Some  have  been  praised,  others 
have  been  blamed.  4.  The  arrival  of  the  ambassadors 
had  already  been  announced.  5.  He  is  said  to  be 


SEC.  57.]  Verbs,  Passive  Voice.  119 

charmed  with  his  son's  diligence.  6.  Will  they  not 
wish  to  be  loved  and  praised  ?  7.  My  sisters  have 
been  delighted  with  the  queen's  words.  8.  I  ha^e 
been  praised  by  some,  and  blamed  by  others.  9.  The 
horse  had  been  urged  011  by  the  spur.  10.  The  boy 
will  have  been  urged  on  by  the  master.  11.  The 
enemy's  ships  were  being  put  to  flight  by  Caesar. 
12.  She  was  praised  (perfect)  both  by  her  father  and 
by  her  mother.  13.  The  camp  was  being  surrounded 
by  a  high  rampart.  14.  He  was  praised  by  many, 
and  blamed  by  few.  15.  These  girls  are  frightened 
by  the  smallest  things. 


XXIII.    A  Cork  Leg. 

Viator  Britannicus,  a  fera  quadam  atque  inculta 
gente  captus,  diu  de  salute  sua  desperabat.  Tandem 
novum  quidem  et  inaudltuni  consilium  capit.  Cul- 
trum  enim  prlmo  in  alterum  crus  (corticeum  erat) 
rldens  inf  Ixit :  mirantur  qui  circumstabant  barbarl, 
et  paululum  recedunt.  Deinde  totum  crus  exuit,  et 
minacl  vultu  manibus  supra  caput  vibravit.  Turn 
vero  illi,  maximo  commoti  timore,  summa  vi  in  pedes 
se  dederxmt, 


120  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  58. 

SECTION   58. 
SECOND  CONJUGATION. 

PASSIVE  VOICE  :  INDICATIVE  MOOD. 
Moneri,  to  be  advised. 

Present :       Mon  eor,  I  am  advised. 
Imperfect :  Mon  ebar,  I  was  (being)  advised. 
Future  :        Mon  ebor,  I  shall  be  advised. 

[137.]  1.  Amarl  quam  timeri  multo  melius  est. 
2.  Avesne  clamoribus  puerorum  terrebantur  ?  3.  Magna 
peeunia  mihi  ab  illo  homiiie  diu  debetur.  '  4.  Tota 
elassis  in  lltore  a  nobls  videbatur.  5.  Eex  hoc  nuntio 
contentus  esse  videtur  (seems).  6.  111!  pnerl  diutius 
manere  non  possunt.  7.  Oinnes  portu  navibusque 
delectabimur.  8.  Nonne  puer  aliquando  a  inagistro 
monebitur  ?  9.  Mater  mea  diutissime  exspectata  erat. 
10.  Prora  hujus  navis  multis  floribus  a  nautls  ornata 
erit. 

[138.]  1.  The  enemy's  ships  are  seen  by  our  sail- 
ors. 2.  They  were  frightening  the  horses  with  their 
spurs.  3.  The  horses  were  frightened  by  the  enemy's 
shouts.  4.  The  books  have  been  carried  to  your  room. 
5.  The  leader  is  not  feared  by  the  soldiers.  6.  The 
enemy's  lands  had  been  laid  waste  by  us.  7.  In  vain 
were  they  warned  by  their  father.  8.  Your  friends 
were  remaining  at  home  a  very  long  time.  9.  The 
sailors  were  seen  in  the  city.  10.  His  (ejus)  conver- 
sation seems  to  me  to  be  very  witty.  11.  The  sol- 
diers seemed  to  be  frightened  by  the  waves.  12.  The 
enemy  will  not  be  frightened  by  Caesar's  arrival. 


SEC.  59.]  Verbs,  Passive  Voice.  121 

SECTION   59. 

SECOND  CONJUGATION. 

PASSIVE  VOICE:  INDICATIVE  MOOD — {Continued). 

Perfect :  Monit  us  sum,  /  have  been  advised,  I  ivas 

advised. 

Pluperfect :  Monit  us  eram,  /  had  been  advised. 

Future  Perfect :   Monit  us  ero,  /  shall  have  been  advised. 

[139.]  1.  Ego,  amici,  vestrls  clamoribus  non  sum 
territus !  2.  Pueri  a  me  saepe  monitl,  saepe  culpatl 
sunt.  3.  Balbus  semper  optimiis  clvis  habebatur.1 

4.  Imago   reglnae  pulclierrima  habita  est.     5.    EquI 
equitesque  crebro  fulgure  territi  sunt.     6.  Major  so- 
rorum   ab   omnibus   pulchrior   habebatur.     7.    Oratio 
Ciceronis   ab   omnibus   boms   utilissima    habita    est. 
8.  Nonne  saepe  jam  a  nobls  moniti  eratis  ?    9.  Sorores, 
nonne  fluctibus  territae  estis?     10.  Ille  vir  omnium 
sapientissimus  haber!  dlcitur.     11.  Sapientes  clamori- 
bus istorum  hominum  non  territi  erint.     12.  Tempora 
antlqua  a  multls  saepe  optima  habentur. 

[140.]  1.  The  sailors  were  being  frightened  by  the 
arrival  of  the  ships  of  the  enemy.  2.  The  horses 
were  frightened  (perfect)  by  the  lightning.  3.  The 
boys  have  often  been  warned  by  the  master.  4.  Julia 
is  considered  by  far  the  most  beautiful  of  the  sisters. 

5.  These  flowers  have  always  been  considered  very 
beautiful.      6.    Your   little   brother   will   have   been 
frightened  by  the  lightning.     7.  He  has  always  been 

1  Haberi,  "  to  be  held,"  i.e.  "  considered." 


122  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  59. 

considered  a  very  good  boy.  8.  Caesar,  you  have 
been  praised  by  all  the  citizens.  9.  Nobody  ought 
to  be  considered  very  wise.  10.  The  greater  part  of 
the  soldiers  will  be  kept  (habeo)  in  camp.  11.  Mar- 
cus has  always  been  considered,  and  is,  a  very  good 
citizen.  12.  Some  go  out  from  the  camp,  others  are 
ordered  to  remain.  13.  The  sailors  have  been  warned 
again  and  again.  14.  Will  you  not  be  delighted 
with  your  son's  diligence  ?  15.  You  will  not,  will 
you,  be  frightened  by  the  spirited  horse  ? 

XXIV.    David  and  Goliath. 

Rex  quidarn  cum  barbaris  belluni  gerebat.  Ex  hac 
parte  copiae  regiae  castra  posuerant,  ex  altera  parte 
barbarl;  et  inter  duos  exercitus  vallis  erat.  Veniebat 
autem  cotidie  ex  castrls  barbarorum  vir  ingentis  mag- 
nitudiiiis ;  unumque  ex  regils  copils  ad  singular e  cer- 
tamen  provocabat,  magna  voce  clamans,  "Eligite  ex 
vobis  virum  unum ;  is  mecum  pugnabit.  Si  ille  vice- 
rit,  erimus  vobis  servl ;  sin  ego  vicero,  vos  nobls  serv! 
eritis." 

Erat  autem  puer  quldam,  cujus  fratres  majores  natu 
in  regils  castrls  erant.  Hunc  pater  panem,  caseum, 
vmuni  ad  fratres  in  castra  portare  jubet.  V8nit  igitur 
ille  puer  hostemque  videt,  et  verba  ejus  contumeliosa 
audit.  "  Quid  !  "  elicit  mllitibus  qul  adstabant,  "  nemo 
cum  hoc  homine  confligere  audet  ? 7?  "  JSTemo,"  respon- 
dent milites.  Fratres  autem  Irati  dlxerunt,  "  Cur  hue 
venisti,  et  istas  paucas  oves  in  deserto  rellquisti? 
Nota  est  nobls  superbia  tua.  Nonne  pugnam  videre 
cuplvistl  ?  " 


SEC.  59.]  Verbs,  Passive  Voice.  123 

XXV.    David  and  Goliath —  (Continued). 

At  ille  puer  ad  regem  statim  properat.  "Kex," 
iiiquit,  "  cum  hoc  homine  confligere  cupio."  Quid  !  tu 
qu!  puer  imberbis  es,  cum  tanto  viro  confligere  audes  ? 
"  At  ego,  puer,  ut  ais,  imberbis,  dum  oves  patris  pasco, 
ipse  manu  et  leonem  et  ursum  interfeci,  neque  ego 
hujus  hominis  verba  timeo.  Deus  enim,  qul  me  de 
leone  liberavit,  me  de  manu  liostis  liberabit."  Turn 
rex,  tanta  pueri  audacia  attonitus,  galeam  et  lorlcam  et 
gladium  suum  dedit.  Respoiidet  ille  "Harum  rerum 
usum  non  habeo."  Tulit  autem  baculum  suum,  quod 
semper  in  manibus  habebat,  et'  qulnque  lapides  de 
torrente  eligit,  fundamque  manu  tulit.  Ita  armatus 
adversus  hostem  procedit.  Hostis  autem,  puerum 
videns,  ridet,  "Num  ego,"  inquit,  "canis  sum?  vems 
enim  ad  me  cum  baculo  et  lapidibus.  Hodie  pulchrum 
tuum  corpus  avibus  ferlsque  dabo."  Turn  puer,  "Tu 
venis  ad  me  cum  gladio  et  hasta  et  clipeo ;  ego  ad  te, 
Deo  adjutore,  venio."  Puer  autem  unum  lapidem 
tulit,  et  funda  jecit.  Hostem  lapis  in  frontem  per- 
cutit;  pronus  ille  ad  terrain  decidit.  Currit  statim 
puer,  et  gladium  liostis  educit :  interficit  hominem,  et 
caput  ejus  praecidit.  Turn  regiae  copiae,  omnl  metu 
liberatae,  adversus  hostes  impetum  f aciunt :  ipsos 
funduiit  fugantque,  castra  omnium  rerum  plena  capiunt. 


124  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  co. 

SECTION   6O. 

THIRD  CONJUGATION. 

PASSIVE  VOICE  :  INDICATIVE  MOOD. 

RSgi,  to  be  ruled. 

Present :       Reg  or,  /  am  ruled. 
Imperfect :  Reg  ebar,  /  was  (being)  ruled. 
Future  :        Reg  ar,  /  shall  be  ruled. 

[141.]  1.  Nonne  saepe,  serve,  ad  urbem  a  domino 
mittens  ?  2.  Cras  a  patre,  puer,  ad  regios  hortos  mit- 
teris !  3.  Quid !  nonne  his  tells,  quae  ab  omnibus 
partibus  jaciuntur,  interficiemur  ?  4.  Cotidie  in  silvas 
a  matre  mittimiir.  5.  Amo  te,  ml  frater,  sed  a  te  eon- 
temnor !  6.  Hae  copiae  hodie  educl  non  debent. 
7.  Yectigalia  omnia  tempore  pendentur.  8.  Crebri 
nuntii  ad  Caesarem  de  his  rebus  mittentur.  9.  Hoc 
poema  ab  omnibus  legetur  et  laudabitur.  10.  Caesar 
omnes  copias  pro  castris  mstruxit.  11.  Tota  classis 
pro  portu  Tnstruebatur.  12.  111!  servi  a  domino  saepe 
moniti  sunt,  sed  tacent  nunquam.  13.  LibrI,  qui  herl 
optim!  habebantur,  hodie  contenmuntur. 

[142.]  1.  The  soldiers  were  being  drawn  up  before 
the  camp.  2.  The  ten  ships  will  be  drawn  up  before 
the  city.  3.  I  am  being  sent  to  the  city  by  my  brother. 
4.  You  will  be  sent  to  the  master  to-morrow.  5.  You 
ought  to  be  sent  to  the  camp.  6.  The  ships  were  being 
driven  on  to  the  shore  by  the  waves.  7.  The  messen- 
gers will  be  led  to  the  king  by  the  soldiers.  8.  You 


SEC.  6i.]  Verbs,  Passive  Voice.  125 

are  being  despised  by  the  soldiers.  9.  The  third 
legion  will  be  led  out  of  the  camp  in  the  morning. 
10.  Our  soldiers  will  be  killed  by  the  cavalry  of  the 
enemy.  11.  The  royal  fleet  of  twenty  ships  is  being 
drawn  up.  12.  What  are  you  doing,  boys  ?  You  had 
been  often  warned. 


SECTION   61. 

VERBS  :  THIRD  CONJUGATION. 

PASSIVE  VOICE:  INDICATIVE  MOOD — {Continued). 

Perfect :  Rect  us  sum,  /  have  been  ruled,  I  was  ruled. 

Pluperfect :  Rect  us  eram,  /  had  been  ruled. 

Future  Perfect :  Rect  us  ero,  /  shall  have  been  ruled. 

[143.]  1.  Copiae,  quae  mane  educebantur,  jam  re- 
ductae  sunt.  2.  Navis  a  nauta  optime  erat  recta, 
3.  Annos  natus  novem  ad  magistrum  a  patre  ductus 
sum.  4.  Hi  pueri  rnihi  pigerrim!  esse  videntur.  5.  Tri- 
ginta  jam  naves  a  mllitibus  aedificatae  sunt.  6.  Tota 
classis,  quae  ducentarum  navium  erat,  pro  portu  m- 
structa  est.  7.  Brevi  tempore  omnes  copiae  pro  castrls 
instructae  erunt.  8.  Legiones  a  Caesare  ad  flumen 
ductae  sunt.  9.  LegatI  ad  regem  hostium  mox  mitten- 
tur.  10.  Nuntii  magnis  clamoribus  ad  castra  a  militi- 
bus  ducti  erant.  11.  Hi  pueri  immemores  magistri, 
neque  libros  legebant  neque  tacebant.  12.  Jam  fessi 
sumus ;  tres  horas  totas  Instruct!  sumus,  neque  hostes 
videntur. 


126  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  ei. 

[144.]  1.  The  soldiers  have  been  led  back  to  the 
camp.  2.  The  army  had  already  been  drawn  up. 
3.  I  was  led  by  the  boy's  shouts  to  the  river.  4.  The 
merchant  will  be  building  a  ship  for  himself.  5.  Two 
legions  were  led  out  from  the  camp.  6.  Only  a  few 
soldiers  will  be  killed  by  the  darts.  7.  The  ships  will 
already  have  been  drawn  up  before  the  harbour. 
8.  You  will  have  steered  the  ship  better  than  the 
sailor  himself.  9.  You  will  not  be  warned  again :  you 
have  been  often  warned  already.  10.  When  will  the 
messengers  be  sent  ?  They  ought  to  be  sent  at  once. 

11.  This  coast  was   being  inhabited   by   the   sailors. 

12.  Where  are  the  sailors  ?     The  ship  ought  to  be 
drawn  up  at  once. 

XXVI.    Nasica  and  Ennius. 
"  Not  at  Home." 

Nasica  aliquando  ad  poetam  Ennium  venit.  Eurn 
ab  ostio  quaerit.  Eespondet  ancilla,  "  DomI  non  est." 
Ita  tamen  doniinl  jussu  dixit,  et  Ennius  intus  erat, 
resque  Naslcae  nota  erat.  Faucis  post  diebus  vSnit 
Ennius  ad  Nasicam.  "Non  est  doml,"  exclamat  ipse 
Nasica.  Turn  Ennius  "  Quid ! "  inquit,  "  ego  non  cog- 
nosco  vocem  tuam  ?  "  Eespondet  Nasica,  "  Homo  es 
inipudens  :  ego  ancillae  tuae  credidl,  tu  mihi  non  credis 
ipst" 

XXVII.   Literal  Obedience. 

Marcus  Pupius  Plso,  orator  Eomanus,  servos  omnes 
aliquando  convocavit.  "Nimium,"  inquit,  "loquaces 


SEC.  62.]  Verbs,  Passive  Voice.  127 

semper  estis,  et  saepe  mini,  domino  vestro,  molestl 
estis.  Si  quid  vos  interrogaverim,  respondebitis  ;  alio- 
qui  vos  tacere  jubeo."  Faucis  post  diebus  Plso  ser- 
vum,  et  alios  amlcos,  et  Clodium  quemdam  ad  con- 
vlvium  invitare  jubet.  Hora  cenae  Instat.  Aderant 
ceteri  convlvae  omnes :  solum  Clodium  exspectant. 
"  Ubi  est  noster  Clodius  ?  quid  agit  ?  Servl,  nonne 
venit  Clodius  ?  "  "  Non  venit,"  respondent.  Tandem 
Plso  servuni,  quern  Clodium  invitare  jusserat,  ad  se 
vocat.  "  Nonne  Clodium  invitavistl  ?  "  —  "  Invitavl." 
—  "  Cur  ergo  non  venit  ?  "  —  "  Quia  negavit  se  venire 
posse."  Turn  Piso,  Iratus,  "Cur  id  non  statim  dix- 
istl  ? ?;  —  "  Quia  me  non  interrogavistl." 


SECTION   62. 

VERBS  :  FOURTH  CONJUGATION. 

PASSIVE  VOICE  :   INDICATIVE  MOOD. 

Audiri,  to  be  heard. 

Present :       Aud  ior,  /  am  heard. 
Imperfect :  Aud  iebar,  /  was  (being)  heard. 
Future  :        Audiar,  /  shall  be  heard. 

[145.]  1.  Voxne  regmae  ab  omnibus  clvibus  audiri 
potest  ?  2.  Num.  tua  vox  audltur  ?  Nonne  tacere 
te  jubebam  ?  3.  Haec  castra  a  militibus  septimae 
legionis  munientur.  4.  Voces  vestrae  vix  a  matre 
audiri  possunt.  5.  Naves  jam  aedificatae,  et  omnibus 
rebus  ornatae,  erant.  6.  Magister,  a  quo  pueri  erudie- 


128  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  63. 

bantur,  trlginta  sex  annos  natus  est.  7.  Milites,  a 
quibus  castra  muniebantur,  ad  castra  mox  convenient. 
8.  Regia  classis,  quae  qumgentarum  navium  est,  pro 
portu  magno  instructa  est. 

[146.]  1.  The  lazy  boys  will  be  punished  by  the 
master.  2.  The  shouts  of  the  enemy  were  scarcely 
being  heard  in  the  city.  3.  I  was  being  educated  by 
that  master.  4.  You  will  be  scarcely  heard  by  the 
soldiers.  5.  Soon  the  birds  will  be  heard  in  the 
woods.  6.  The  ships  will  soon  be  drawn  up.  7.  Four 
ships  had  already  been  drawn  up.  8.  The  camp  was 
being  fortified  by  all  the  soldiers.  9.  You  are  never 
silent ;  you  will  be  punished.  10.  The  boys  were  be- 
ing very  well  educated. 


SECTION   63. 

VERBS  :  FOURTH  CONJUGATION. 
PASSIVE  VOICE:  INDICATIVE  MOOD — (Continued). 

Perfect :  Audit  us  sum,  /  have  been  heard,  I  ivas  heard. 

Pluperfect :          Audit  us  eram,  /  had  been  heard. 
Future  Perfect :  Audit  us  ero,  /  shall  have  been  heard. 

[147.]  1.  Quot  nomina  a  te  audita  sunt  ?  —  Tria 
verba  vix  audlvl.  2.  Quotiens  ab  illo  magistro  punltl 
estis  ?  —  Nescimus.  3.  Estne  bene  dormitum  ?  —  Op- 
time  totam  noctem  dormitum  est.  4.  Quam  est  jucun- 
dum  ab  omnibus  amari  laudarlque !  5.  Quot  mllites 
pro  castris  tells  hostium  interficientur  ?  6.  Pueri,  qui 


SEC.  63.]  Verbs,  Passive  Voice.  129 

verba  magistrl  contemnebant,  pumti  sunt.  7.  Quotiens 
a  nostris  vox  duels  acuta  audita  est  ?  8.  Rebus  in  ad- 
versis  quam  est  jucundum  amlcorum  auxilium  !  9.  Non 
eadem  a  senibus  juvenibusque  cupientur.  10.  Quid ! 
num  haec  castra  aggere  jam  munlta  erant  ?  11.  Vox 
tua  vix  audita  est;  nam  puer!  ill!  nunquam  tacent. 
12.  Illud  flumen,  ilia  silva,  isti  hortl  vestrl,  quam 
saepe  nos  delectaverunt ! 

[148.]  1.  Caesar's  words  were  scarcely  heard  by  the 
soldiers.  2.  How  many  boys  have  been  punished  to- 
day ?  3.  How  often  has  that  bird  been  heard  in 
the  woods  ?  4.  How  pleasant  it  is  to  be  taught  by 
you!  5.  How  often  have  you  i>een  warned?  —  Very 
often.  6.  It  is  better  to  be  warned  than  to  be  punished. 

7.  The  camp  will  have  been  fortified  by  all  the  soldiers. 

8.  The  birds  were  often  heard  in  the  summer;  now 
they  cannot  be  heard.     9.  They  were  killing  the  birds, 
they  will  be  punished.     10.  How  many  words  did  you 
hear  ?  —  We  heard  the  whole  speech.     11.  How  many 
oaks  are  there  in  your   gardens  ?  —  I   do  not  know. 

12.  How  often  will  these  boys  have  been  punished  ? 

13.  Were   we   not   charmed   with   those   gardens  of 
yours  ?     14.  All  the  soldiers  had  been  led  into  camp. 
15.  Those  (is)  who  are  never  punished  are  not  always 
the  best  boys. 

XXVIII.   Bacchus  and  the  Pirates. 

Praedones  quldam  puerum  in  litore  stantem  vident. 
Statim  propius  navl  accedunt.  Vestes  ejus  splendidas 
comasque  flavas  conspiciunt.  Eum  filium  regis  esse 
crediderunt.  Dux  igitur  praedonum  comitibus  clamat, 

K 


130  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  63. 

"  Heus !  comites,  ad  litus  celeriter  navem  appellite  ! 
puerum  statim  navi  tollemus.  Non  sine  multa  pecunia, 
credo,  patrl  regio  puerum  reddemus."  Jussa  duels 
nautae  celeriter  faciunt. ,  Puerum  validis  compedibus 
vinciunt.  Subito  autem  puer  leviter  subrisit :  com- 
pedes,  velut  arte  magica,  decidunt.  Turn  unus  ex 
nautls  socils  dixit,  "  En  !  deus  hie  certo  est,  vel  del 
fllius !  ventos  in  navem  incitabit,  et  nos  non  navem 
solum,  sed  vltam  etiam  amittemus.  Puerum  divinum 
statim  in  lltore  exponite  !  "  Socii  autem  credere  nolue- 
runt.  At  ille  puer  subito  verba  quaedam  murmurat : 
turn  multa  et  mlra  prodigia  videntur !  Malus  enim 
navis  se  in  vltem  convertit,  prora  coronls  florels  orna- 
tur,  vmum  tota  navi  fluit.  Leo  ingens  saevusque  in 
prora  stat,  Iratusque  fremit.  Quid !  ipsuni  etiam  mare 
oculis  velut  prata  videtur ;  ubi  spuma  fuit,  nunc  albae 
rosae  sunt ;  neque  fluctuum  murmura,  sed  velut  peco- 
rum  voces  arboresque,  vento  agitatae,  audiuntur.  Nau- 
tae autem,  magno  superatl  metu,  se  in  mare  proiciunt 
—  in  tlelphmes  statim  convertuntur.  Turn  puer,  dum 
leonl  vmum  e  calice  aureo  dat,  nautae,  qul  solum  restat 
puer  unique  deum  esse  dixerat,  "  Eecte  tu  quidem  dlxi- 
stl :  Bacchus  sum,  Semeles  fllius.  Tu  autem  omnem 
depone  timorem,  comes  del  semper  eris,  vltamque  lae- 
tam  ages." 

Recapitulatory  Exercises. 

N.  1.  Hi  servi  saepe  frustra  moniti  sunt :  tempore 
nunquam  domum  redeunt.  2.  Mhil  manibus  utilius 
hominibus  datum  est.  3.  Ab  his  sapientia,  ab  illis 
divitiae  coiitemnebantur.  4.  Cur,  milites,  non  statim 
in  hostes  impetum  facitis? — Caesaris  adventus  ex- 


SEC.  63.]  Verbs,  Passive  Voice.  131 

spectatur.  5.  Omnes  hi  milites,  qui  hoc  tempore  in 
armls  sunt,  in  hostes  eras  educentur.  6.  JSTostii  nautae 
neque  fulgure  et  nubibus,  neque  multitudine  navium 
regiarum,  terrerl  possunt.  7.  Qui  mel  sunt,  mihi  da ; 
tuos  libros  tibi  habe !  —  Hoc  faciam.  8.  Hie  puer  sibi 
sapientissimus  esse  videtur :  a  ceteris  Idem  contemni- 
tur.  9.  Naves,  quae  hieme  aedificatae  erant,  aestate 
pro  portu  mstruebantur.  10.  Cicero  auxilium  petebat : 
duae  a  Caesare  legiones  statim  ad  castra  Ciceronis 
ductae  sunt. 

0.  1.  The  soldiers  are  ordered  by  the  leader  to  be 
in  arms  at  once.  2.  These  boys  will  be  sent  home  by 
the  master.  3.  Read  your  book,  boy ;  you  will  soon 
be  sent  home.  4.  Are  you  not  sent  to  the  city  often  ? 
—  I  am  sent  not  often  only,  but  every  day.  5.  What ! 
will  you  not  be  silent  ?  you  will  soon  be  punished  by 
your  mother.  6.  Does  it  not  seem  to  you  a  very  diffi- 
cult thing  to  be  silent  long  ?  7.  You,  who  are  a  sol- 
dier, will  not  be  frightened  by  these  shouts.  8.  These 
boys  will  have  been  more  often  punished  than  praised. 

9.  Those  men  have  been  very  well  taught  by  adversity. 

10.  I  have  always  been  loved  by  you :  of  all  my  friends 
you  are  by  far  the  dearest  to  me. 

P.  1.  Caesar  jam  de  his  rebus  omnibus  certior  factus 
est ;  ipse  ego  el  omnia  dicebam.  2.  Alii  sibi,  alii,  su! 
immemores,  amicis  solum  timent.  3.  Ntilla  re  quam 
librls  conclavia  melius  ornantur  —  Scio,  meum  plenum 
est  et  Graecorum  et  Latmorum  librorum  quos  semper 
lego  —  Optime  facis.  4.  Quaiido  naves  aedificatae 
erunt  ?  —  Jam  sunt  aedificatae  —  Summam  vestram 
diligentiam  laudo.  Ornataene  etiam  sunt  naves  ?  — 
BrevI  tempore  omnibus  rebus  ornatae  erunt. 


132  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  63. 

5.  Audivistisne  orationem  illlus  clarissim!  oratoris  ? 
—  Ego,  Qumte,  aderam  ;  sed,  ut  scls,  surdus  sum,  pauca 
solum  verba  audlvl  —  Tu,  Marce,  num.  tu  etiam  surdus 
es  ?     Quid  dlxit  ille  vir  ?  —  Optime  ego  quidem  omnia 
audlvl ;  non   facetissima   solum  sed  utilissima  etiam 
oratio  f uit ;  omnes,  qul  aderant,  delectavit. 

6.  Mllites  !  nonne  vobis  victoria   quam  vita  multo 
carior  est  ?    Omnis  spes  civitatis  in  vobis  est.    Memores 
patrum  matrumque    et  parvorum    flliorum,  memores 
etiam  virtutis  vestrae,  tela  jacite,  incitate  equos,  acer- 
rimum  in  hos  homines  impetum  facite!     Quotiens  a 
vobis  ipsis  et  a  majoribus  vestris  ingens  hostium  mul- 
titude superata  et  fugata  est  ?     Et  nunc  etiam  brevl 
tempore   superatae  erunt  hae  regiae  copiae.     Turn  a 
civibus  praemia,  laudes,  omnia  quae  homines  cupiunt, 
exspectare  jubeo. 

Q.  1.  That  ship  has  always  been  considered  the 
fastest  of  the  whole  fleet.  2.  The  soldiers  of  the  fifth 
and  eighth  legions  will  soon  be  drawn  up.  3.  Your 
father  was  delighted  with  your  diligence:  all  the 
masters  were  praising  you.  4.  The  soldiers  of  the 
enemy,  who  now  surround  our  camp,  will  soon  be  killed 
by  our  darts.  5.  Industrious  boys  are  blamed  by  no- 
body ;  but  all  will  blame  the  lazy.  6.  Fifteen  ships 
had  been  built  and  fitted  up  by  the  soldiers.  7.  The 
greater  part  of  this  great  city  was  at  that  (is)  time 
inhabited  by  German  merchants.  8.  The  darts  were 
being  thrown  in  vain  :  the  camp  had  been  very  well 
fortified.  9.  The  infantry  forces  were  remaining  in 
the  camp ;  the  cavalry  fought  very  bravely  before  the 
camp.  10.  Hold  your  tongues,  boys !  —  We  hear ;  we 
will  be  silent  in  a  short  time. 


SEC.  64.]  Subjunctive  Mood.  133 

SUBJUNCTIVE   MOOD. 

SECTION  64. 
SEQUENCE  OF  TENSES. 

Learn  the  Subjunctive  Mood  of  sum,  as  found  on 
pages  144  and  145,  remembering  that  the  meanings 
vary  with  the  use,  and  are  not  fixed  as  in  the  Indica- 
tive Mood. 

The  uses  of  the  Subjunctive  Mood  are  both  dependent  and  inde- 
pendent ;  but  as  its  name  (subjoined}  indicates,  it  is  used  mainly 
in  dependent  sentences.  In  this  dependent  use  the  tense  is  deter- 
mined by  the  tense  of  the  verb  of  the  principal  sentence. 

Consider  carefully  the  following  sentences  :  — 

Audio  ubi  sit,  /  hear  where  he  is. 

Audio  ubi  fuerit,  /  hear  where  he  has  been. 

Audiam  ubi  sit,  /  shall  hear  where  he  is. 

Audiam  ubi  fuerit,  /  shall  hear  where  he  has  been  or  was. 

Audivi  ubi  sit,  /  have  heard  where  he  is. 

Audivi  ubi  fuerit,  /  have  heard  ivhere  he  has  been  or  was. 

Audivero  ubi  sit,  /  shall  have  heard  where  he  is. 
Audivero  ubi  fuerit,  1  shall  have  heard  where  he  has  been 
or  was. 

Audiebam  ubi  esset,  /  heard  where  he  was. 
Audiebam  ubi  fuisset,  /  heard  where  he  had  been. 

Audivi  ubi  esset,  /  heard  where  he  was. 
Audivi  ubi  fuisset,  /  heard  where  he  had  been. 

Audiveram  ubi  esset,  /  had  heard  where  he  was. 
Audiveram  ubi  fuisset,  /  had  heard  where  he  had  been. 


134  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  64. 

Observe  that  the  principal  verbs  in  the  first  four  groups  are  fol- 
lowed by  the  present  or  perfect  subjunctive,  while  those  of  the  last 
three  are  followed  by  the  imperfect  or  pluperfect  subjunctive. 

The  tenses  of  the  first  four  groups  are :  —  1.  present ; 
2.  future;  3.  perfect  definite  (perfect  translated  have  or 
has)  ;  4.  future  perfect. 

These  are  termed  primary  or  principal  tenses.  They  are  followed 
by  primary  tenses  (present  and  perfect)  of  the  subjunctive  mood. 

The  tenses  of  the  last  three  groups  are:  —  1.  imperfect; 
2.  perfect  indefinite  (perfect  when  translated  without  have 
or  has)  ;  3.  pluperfect. 

These  are  termed  secondary  or  historical  tenses,  and  are  followed 
by  the  historical  tenses  (imperfect  and  pluperfect)  of  the  subjunc- 
tive mood. 

RULE  :  Primary  tenses  in  the  subjunctive  mood  fol- 
low primary  tenses  in  the  indicative  mood,  and  sec- 
ondary follow  secondary. 

Notice  also  that  the  dependent  sentences  whose  verbs  are  sub- 
junctive are  really  questions  with  interrogative  words,  but  are  not 
put  as  questions.  These  are  termed  Indirect  Questions. 

Direct  Question  :     Ubi  est  ?   Where  is  he  f 

Indirect  Question  :  Audio  ubi  sit,  /  hear  where  he  is. 

Direct  Question  :      Quis  est  ?   Who  is  it  ? 

Indirect  Question  :  Audio  quis  sit,  /  hear  who  it  is. 

RULE  :  Indirect  questions  have  their  verbs  in  the 
subjunctive  mood. 

Interrogative  words :  — 

quis,  who  ?         cur,  why  ?  num,  whether  ? 

ubi,  where  ?       quot,  how  many  ? 

[149.]  Scio  quid  sit.  Audivl  quot  milites  fuerint. 
Audivl  quot  equites  essent.  Scit  ubi  fuerint.  Nescio 


SEC.  65.]  Subjunctive  Mood.  135 

cur  homo  claudus  sit.  Imperator  audiverat  cur  homo 
claudus  esset.  Germanus  audivit  ubi  serv!  fuissent. 
Pater  audiet  ubi  Mil  fuerint.  Quidam  homo  inter- 
rogavit  quae  naves  longissimae  essent.  Quae  clvitates 
in  armls  sunt  ?  Quaeram  quae  clvitates  in  armis  sint. 
Caesar  quaesivit  quot  milites  in  exercitu  essent. 

[150.]  Have  you  heard  how  many  ships  were  on 
the  sea?  He  knows  where  you  are.  I  will  hear 
where  the  enemy  are,  and  will  soon  overcome  them. 
They  asked  why  we  had  been  so  sad.  Will  you  tell 
me  why  you  are  so  different  from  your  father  ?  (91, 
sentence  4.)  Where  will  you  be  to-morrow?  My 
friends  will  ask  where  you  will  T)e  to-morrow.  Have 
your  friends  often  been  in  Athens  ?  I  asked  whether 
his  friends  had  often  been  in  Rome.  The  general 
assembled  his  soldiers,  and  asked  how  many  had  been 
at  home  and  how  many  in  the  camp.  I  had  already 
heard  where  he  was ;  where  he  had  been. 


SECTION   65. 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD —  (Continued}. 
FINAL  CLAUSES. 

Learn  the  subjunctive,  active  and  passive,  of  amo 
(pages  147  and  151),  and  form  the  subjunctive  of  the 
following  verbs :  — 

opto,  desire;  porto,  carry;  conserve,  preserve; 

impetro,  obtain;  laboro,  strive;  posttllo,  demand. 


136  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  65. 

Consider :  — 

Homines  arma  capiunt  ut  se  conservent. 

Men  take  up  arms  that  they  may  save  themselves. 

or  in  order  that  they  may  save  themselves. 

or  to  save  themselves. 

OY  for  the  purpose  of  saving  themselves. 

Notice  that  ut  se  conservent  expresses  the  purpose  of  arma  capi- 
unt, and  may  be  rendered  in  the  various  ways  given. 

RULE  :  Ut  "with  the  subjunctive  mood  may  express 
purpose. 

[151.]  Caesar  postulavit  ut  mllites  arma  portarent. 
Mllites  semper  laboraverunt  ut  slgna  conservarent. 
Imperator  optat  ut  naves  haec  onera  portent.  Incitat 
me  ut  in  opere  diligentissimus  sim.  Te  her!  laudavl 
ut  te  ad  majorem  diligentiam  incitarem.  Se  arma- 
bunt  ut  pugnent.  Mllites  adventum  hostium  exspecta- 
bant  ut  cum  dlligentia  pugnarent.  Puer  ut  a  parenti- 
bus  ametur  dlligentissime  laborat. 

[152.]  Caesar  was  placing  the  seventh  legion  on 
the  left  wing  in  order  that  the  soldiers  might  fight 
most  bravely.  The  teacher  gives  books  to  his  boys 
that  they  may  obtain  wisdom.  Embassadors  had 
come  from  the  town  to  obtain  peace.  I  beseech  you 
to  love  your  brothers  and  sisters,  in  order  that  you 
may  be  loved  by  them.  He  exhorts  them  to  put  the 
enemy  to  flight.  I  exhort  you  to  read  these  orations 
studiously.  They  advised  him  to  build  five  war-ships, 
that  he  might  overcome  the  enemy. 


SEC.  66. J  Subjunctive  Mood.  137 

SECTION   66. 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD —  (Continued). 
FINAL  CLAUSES  (NEGATIVE). 

Learn  the  subjunctive,  active  and  passive,  of  moneo 
(pages  154  and  158),  and  form  the  subjunctive  of  the 
following  verbs :  — 

habeo,  have ;  debeo,  owe ;  pareo,  obey ; 

placeo,  please  ;  taceo,  be  silent. 

Examine  carefully :  — 

Monuit  me  ne  arma  contra  patriam  caperem. 

He  advised  me  not  to  take  up  arms  against  my  country. 

RULE  :  Negative  purpose  may  be  expressed  by  /?§ 
with  the  subjunctive  mood. 

NOTE.  —  The  conjunction  ne  means  "  in  order  that  not," 
"  not  to,"  "  that  not,"  "  lest." 

[153.]  Romani  castra  circumdabant  ne  hostes  effu- 
gium  haberent.  Magnus  exercitus  missus  est  ne  agri 
nostri  vastarentur.  Epistulam  ad  te  scrlbam  ne  cul- 
per.  EquI  postulantur  ne  mllites  gravissima  onera 
portent.  Bex  pacem  cum  Eomams  fecit  ne  oppidum 
oppugnarent. 

[154.]  The  general  will  fight  so  that  his  country 
may  be  saved.  We  warned  the  king  not  to  demand 
much  money.  I  shall  station  the  cavalry  on  the  left 
wing,  so  that  the  enemy  may  not  hold  the  hill.  They 
demanded  that  we  should  not  obey  the  king.  I  shall 
take  care  that  the  industrious  boys  are  not  blamed. 


138  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  67. 

SECTION   67. 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD — (Continued). 
CONSECUTIVE  CLAUSES. 

Learn  the  subjunctive  of  regd,  active  and  passive 
voices  (pages  162  and  166),  and  form  the  subjunctive 
of  the  following  verbs  :  — 

dico,  say ;  duco,  lead ;  veho,  carry  ;  vivo,  live. 

Examine  carefully :  — 

1.  Accidit   ut   Romae   essem.     It  happened  that  I  was  in 

Rome. 

2.  Equites  tarn  acriter  pugnaverunt  ut  hostes  supera- 

rent.     The  cavalry  fought  so  bravely  that  they  conquered 
the  enemy. 

3.  Marius    adeo    inops    fuit    ut    non    cibum    haberet. 

Marius  was  so  poor  that  he  did  not  have  food. 

These  sentences  show  a  use  of  ut  different  from  that  found  in 
purpose  sentences,  for  here  it  is  used  with  the  subjunctive  mood  to 
express  result. 

RULE  :  Ut  in  affirmative  and  ut  non  in  negative  clauses 
may  be  used  -with  the  subjunctive  mood  to  express 
result. 

NOTES.  —  a.  These  clauses  of  result  often  follow  such  ex- 
pressions as  :  accidit,  "  it  happens  " ;  reliquum  est,  "  it  re- 
mains " ;  necesse  est,  "  it  is  necessary." 

b.  After  verbs  or  expressions  of  hindering,  when  made 
negative,  quin  takes  the  place  of  ut,  particularly  after  the 
phrase  non  dubito,  "  I  do  not  doubt." 

[155.]  Tanta  fuit  ejus  diligentia  ut  domum  brevi 
tempore  aedificaret.  Accidit  ut  fortes  milites  illo 
tempore  in  castrls  essent.  Non  dubito  quin  sint  fortes. 


SEC.  68.]  Subjunctive  Mood.  139 

Tantus  hostium  timor  fuit  ut  non  Romanos  exspec- 
tarent.  Non  dubito  qum  adfuerint.  Nemo  dubitabat 
qum  naves  aedificaret.  Necesse  est  ut  consul!  Marcello 
pareamus.  Accidit  ut  Marcellus  cum  exercitu  Athe- 
nis  sit.  Accidit  ut  non  doml  essem.  Non  dubito  qum 
nostri  mllites  equites  hostium  superaverint.  Caesaris 
exercitus  tarn  acriter  dlmicavit,  ut  nemo  superesset. 

[156.]  The  enemy  were  so  cowardly  that  Caesar's 
troops  easily  defeated  them.  Nothing  prevents  you 
from  going  to  Athens.  I  do  not  doubt  that  the  enemy 
will  fight  bravely.  I  am  so  poor  that  I  have  no  money. 
Caesar  led  his  forces  before  the  camp  so  quietly  that 
the  enemy  did  not  perceive  them'.  The  number  of  the 
enemy  is  so  great  that  we  may  not  conquer.  The 
army  is  so  brave  that  our  enemies  will  not  conquer. 
It  happens  that  I  have  no  book. 

SECTION   68. 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD   (Continued). 
INDEPENDENT  SENTENCES. 

The  preceding  exercises  on  the  subjunctive  mood 
illustrated  its  use  in  dependent  sentences. 

The  following  show  its  use  in  independent  sentences. 

Learn  the  subjunctive,  active  and  passive,  of  audio 
(pages  169  and  173),  and  form  the  subjunctive  of  the 
following  verbs :  — 

munio,  fortify ;  scio,  know;  flnio,  finish ;  lenio,  soothe. 
Examine  these  sentences :  — 

1.  Dent  tibi  di  multa  bona,  May  the  gods  give  you  many 
good  things. 


140  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  68. 

2.  Utinam  falsus  vates  sim !    0  may  I  be  a  false  prophet ! 

3.  Utinam  Scipio  viveret!     Would  that  Scipio  were  alive  ! 

4.  Utinam  pater  meus  venisset!     0  that  my  father  had 

come  I 

In  these  sentences  notice :  —  1.  The  subjunctive  mood 
expresses  a  wish.  2.  When  the  wish  is  possible,  i.e.  can  be 
realized,  the  present  tense  is  found  (sentences  1  and  2). 
3.  When  the  wish  is  represented  as  not  realized  at  the 
present  time,  the  imperfect  tense  is  found.  4.  When  the 
wish  is  represented  as  not  realized  in  past  time,  the  plu- 
perfect tense  is  found. 

RULE  :  The  subjunctive  mood  is  used  independ- 
ently to  express  a  wish,  the  present  tense  denotes 
the  wish  possible,  the  imperfect  denotes  the  wish  as 
not  now  realized,  the  pluperfect,  as  not  realized  in 
past  time. 

NOTE. — Utinam  often  precedes  the  subjunctive  of  wish. 

[157.]  Gives  valeant.  Utinam  elves  mel  beatl  es- 
seiit !  Illud  utinam  ne  scrlberem  !  Ne  vlvani  si  tibi  con- 
cede !  Utinam  minus  vltae  cupidi  fuissemus  !  Orator 
videat  in  prlmls  quibus  de  rebus  loquatur.  Utinam 
Caesar  omnes  copias  pro  castrls  Instmat !  Utinam 
magister  discipulos  diligentissimos  laudavisset ! 

[158.]  May  the  slaves  be  warned  by  their  owner. 
0  that  my  brother  had  lived  and  were  now  putting 
the  enemy  to  flight !  May  the  city  preserve  its  liberty. 
0  that  you  had  heard  the  words  of  your  teacher ! 
O  that  you  were  well  and  happy  !  May  the  shouts  of 
the  enemy  frighten  neither  the  generals  nor  the  sol- 
diers. Would  that  my  father  were  alive !  May  I 
live  in  the  city  where  I  have  many  friends. 


SEC.  GO.]  Subjunctive  Mood.  141 

SECTION  69. 
SUBJUNCTIVE  (HORTATORY)  AND  IMPERATIVE. 

Another  use  of  the  subjunctive  in  independent  sen- 
tences is  that  expressing  commands  or  exhortations. 

Consider  the  following :  — 

Audiam,  let  me  hear.  Audiamus,  let  us  hear. 

Audi,  hear  (audias,  with  indef.         Audite,  hear  ye. 

subject). 
Audiat,  let  him  hear.  Audiant,  let  them  hear. 

From  these  sentences  observe  that  commands  and  exhortations 
are  expressed  by  the  subjunctive  and  imperative  moods. 

In  the  first  person  where  there  is  no  imperative  form  and  in  the 
third  person,  there  being  no  imperative  form  save  in  the  future 
tense,  the  subjunctive  supplies  the  place  of  the  imperative. 

The  negative  of  the  hortatory  subjunctive  is  ne,  not  non. 

[159.]  Ne  difficilia  optemus.  Plurimum  in  amicitia 
amicorum  bonorum  valeat  auctoritas.  Quidquid  ages 
prudenter  agas.  Magister  discipulos  moneat.  Ame- 
mus  patriam  et  hostes  ejus  vincamus.  Videant  con- 
sules  ne  quid *  res  publica  detriment!  capiat.  Ne  Caesar 
legates  ad  castra  hostium  mittant.  Quam  ob  rem  dis- 
cede  atque  hunc  timorem  eripe.  Libera  rem  publicam 
metu,  in  exsilium  discede.  Conservemus,  judices,  homi- 
nem  quern  amicorum  dignitate  comprobarl  videmus. 

[160.]  Let  the  boys  carry  the  heavy  burdens. 
Orators,  do  not  praise  yourselves  nor  your  orations. 
Let  us  go  to  Caesar  and  inform  him  of  (de)  these 
matters.  Boys,  love  your  parents.  Let  the  pupils 

1  The  indefinite  quis  and  not  aliquis  is  used  after  si,  ne,  num. 


142  Shorter  Latin  Course.  [SEC.  70. 

* 

listen  to  the  words  of  their  teacher.  Let  them  make 
a  bridge  in  order  that  the  elephants  may  cross  the 
river. 

SECTION   7O. 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD. 

MISCELLANEOUS  SENTENCES. 

[161.]  Nemo  dubitat  qum  haec  res  brevi  tempore  a 
te  conficiatur.  Fieri  potest  ut  recte  homo  sentiat  et 
id  quod  seiitit  polite  eloqul  non  possit.  Eestat  ut  do- 
ceam  omnia  quae  sint  in  mundo  hominum  causa  facta 
esse.  Audite,  quaeso,  judices.  Hostes  tarn  fortiter 
pugnaverunt  ut  prlmls  cadentibus  proximl  ex  eorum 
corporibus  tela  mitterent.  Moveor  his  rebus  omnibus 
sed  in  earn  partem  ut  salvi  omnes  sint. 

Defendamus  nomen  salutemque  popull  Komani. 
Quantum  f acinus  in  se  admlserit  videtis.  Desinant 
insidiarl  doml  suae  consull.  Hoc  dico  ne  genus  belli 
neve  hostem  Ignoretis. 

Praeclarum  illud  est?  et  rectum  quoque,  et  verum  ut 
eos  qul  nobis  carissiml  esse  debeant  aeque  ac  nosmet 
ipsos  amemus. 

Pergamus  igitur  ad  reliqua,  et  Institutum  ordinem 
persequamur. 

Haec  stultitia  facit  ut  hoc  stultissimum  facinus 
sapienter  factum  esse  videatur. 

Munltiones  efficiebant  ne  quern  1  locum  nostrl  in- 
trare  possent. 

1  See  foot-note,  page  141. 


Conjugation  of  the  Verbs.  143 

CONJUGATION   OF   THE   VERBS. 
THE  VERB  Sum,  /  am. 

This  verb  sum  is  irregular  and  defective.  Its  stems 
are  es  and  fu.  It  has  neither  gerund  nor  supine,  and 
no  participle  but  the  future. 

Principal  Parts :  sum  (pres.  ind.),  esse  (pves.  inf.),  fui  (perf. 
ind.),  futurus  (fut.  part.). 

INDICATIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT   TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  sum,  I  am.  1.  sumus,  we  are. 

2.  es,  thou  art  {you  are).  2.  estis,  you  are. 

3.  es  t,  he  (she,  it)  is.  3.  s  unt,  they  are. 

IMPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  eram,  I  was.  1.  eramus,  we  were. 

2.  eras,  thou  wast  (you  were).  2.  eratis,  you  were. 

3.  erat,  he  (she,  it)  was.  3.  erant,  they  were. 

FUTURE. 
Singular.      .  Plural. 

1.  ero,  1  shall  be.  1.  erimus,  toe  shall  be. 

2.  eris,  you  will  be.1  2.  eritis,  you  will  be. 

3.  erit,  he  will  be.  3.  erunt,  they  will  be. 

1  Hereafter  the  2d  person  singular  will  be  translated  by  you, 
referring  to  one  person,  replacing  the  more  exact  thou,  since  you  is 
the  pronoun  commonly  used  for  the  2d  person  singular  in  English. 


144  Shorter  Latin  Course. 


Singular.  Plural. 

1.  fui,  I  have  been,  was.  1.  fuimus,  we  have  been,  were. 

2.  fuisti,  you  have  been,  were.   2.  fuistis,  you  have  been,  were. 

3.  fuit,  he  has  been,  was.          3.  fuerunt  or  )  they  have  been, 

f u  ere        >  were. 

PLUPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  fueram,  /  had  been.  1.  fueramus,  toe  had  been. 

2.  fueras,  you  had  been.  2.  fueratis,  you  had  been. 

3.  fuerat,  he  had  been.  3.  fuerant,  they  had  been. 

FUTURE   PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  fuero,  I  shall  have  been.  1.  fuerimus,  we  shall  have  been. 

2.  fueris,  you  will  have  been.  2.  fueritis,  you  will  have  been. 

3.  fuerit,  he  will  have  been.  3.  fuerint,  they  will  have  been. 

SUBJUNCTIVE   MOOD. 

PRESENT   TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  sim  1  1.  simus. 

2.  sis  2.  sitis. 

3.  sit  3.  sint. 

IMPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

1.  essem  (forem)  1.  essemus. 

2.  esses  (fores)  2.  essetis. 

3.  esset  (foret)  3.  essent  (forent). 

1  It  is  impossible  to  give  any  one  translation  of  the  subjunctive 
mood  that  will  be  satisfactory  and  not  misleading.  It  is  sometimes 
translated  by  the  English  auxiliaries,  may,  might,  should,  would; 
by  the  English  infinitive  or  imperative ;  also  by  English  indicative. 


Conjugation  of  the  Verbs.  145 

PERFECT. 


Singular. 

Plural. 

1.  fugrim 

1.  fuerimus. 

2.  fueris 

2.  fueritis. 

3.  fuerit 

3.  fuerint. 

PLUPERFECT. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

1.  fuissem 

1.  fuissemus. 

2.  fuisses 

2.  fuissetis. 

3.  fuisset 

3.  fuissent. 

IMPERATIVE    MOOD. 
PRESENT    TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

2.  es,  be  thou.  2.  este,  be  ye. 

FUTURE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

2.  esto,  thou  shall  be.  2.  estote,  ye  shall  be. 

3.  esto,  he  shall  be.  3.  sunto,  they  shall  be. 

INFINITIVE. 
PRESENT,     esse,  to  be. 
PERFECT,     fuisse,  to  have  been. 
FUTURE.      futurus   es  sc,  also  fore,  to  be  about 
to  be. 


PARTICIPLE. 
FUTURE,     futurus,  -a,  -um,  about  to  be. 


146  Shorter  Latin  Course. 

FIRST  CONJUGATION. 

ACTIVE  VOICE. 
VERB  am 5  (STEM  ama),  love. 

Principal  Parts  :  amo  (pres.  ind.),  amare  (pres.  inf.),  amavi 
(perf.  ind.),  amatum  (supine). 

INDICATIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT  TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

amo,  /  love,   am   loving,  do  amamus,  we  love,  are  loving, 

love.  do  love. 

am  as,  you  love,  are  loving,  do  am  atis,  you  love,  are  loving, 

love.  do  love. 

am  at,  he  (she,  if)  loves,  is  lov-  amant,  they  love,  are  loving, 

ing,  does  love.  do  love. 

IMPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

am  abam,  /  loved,  was  loving,  am  abamus,  we  loved,  were 
did  love.  loving,  did  love. 

am  abas,  you  loved,  were  lov-  am  abatis,  you  loved,  were  lov- 
ing, did  love.  ing,  did  love. 

am  abat,  he  loved,  was  loving,  am  abant,  they  loved,  were  lov- 
did  love.  ing,  did  love. 

FUTURE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

amabo,  /  shall  love.  arnabimus,  we  shall  love. 

amabis,  you  loill  love.  amabitis,  you  will  love. 

am  abit,  lie  will  love.  am  abunt,  they  ivill  love. 


Conjugation  of  the  Verbs.  147 

PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

amavi,   /   have    loved,   or   /  amavimus,  we  have  loved,  or 

loved.  we  loved. 

amavisti,  you  have  loved,  or  amavistis,  you  have  loved,  or 

you  loved.  you  loved. 

amavit,  he   has  loved,  or  he  amaverunt  (-ere),  they  have 

loved.  loved,  or  they  loved. 

PLUPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

amaveram,  I  had  loved.  amaveramus,  we  had  loved. 

amav  eras,  you  had  loved.  amaveratis,  you  had  loved. 

amav  erat,  he  had  loved.  amav  erant,  they  had  loved. 

FUTURE   PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

amavero,  1  shall  have  loved.        amav  erimus,    ice  shall  have 

loved. 
amaveris,     you     will     have       amaveritis,    you    will    have 

loved.  loved. 

amaverit,  he  will  have  loved.        a,m&vei:int,theywillhaveloved. 

SUBJUNCTIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT    TENSE. 


Singular. 

Plural. 

am  em1 

am  emus. 

ames 

am  etis. 

amet 

am  ent. 

IMPERFECT. 

Singular. 

Plural 

am  arem 

amaremus. 

am  ares 

am  aretis. 

am  aret 

am  arent. 

1  See  note,  page  144. 


148 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


PERFECT. 


Singular. 

amav  erim 
amav  eris 
amav  erit 


Plural 

amaverimus. 
amaveritis. 
amav  erint. 


PLUPERFECT. 


Singular. 

amav  issem 

amavisses 

amavisset 


Plural. 

amavissemus. 

amavissetis. 

amavissent. 


IMPERATIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT    TENSE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

2.  am  a,  love  thou.  2.  am  ate,  love  ye. 

FUTURE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

2.  am  ato,  thou  shalt  love.          2.  am  atote,  you  shall  love. 

3.  am  ato,  he  shall  love.  3.  am  antd,  they  shall  love. 

INFINITIVE. 

PRESENT,    am  are,  to  love. 
PERFECT,    ainavisse,  to  have  loved. 
FUTURE,     amaturus  esse,  to  be  about  to  love. 


PARTICIPLES. 

PRESENT,    amans,  -antis,  loving. 
FUTURE,     amaturus,  -a,  -um,  about  to  love. 


Conjugation  of  the  Verbs. 

GERUND. 

Gen.  amandi,  of  loving. 

Dat.  am  ando,  for  loving. 

Ace.  amandum,  loving. 

Abl.  am  ando,  by  loving. 

SUPINE. 

Ace.     ainatum,  to  love. 

Abl.      amatii,  to  love,  to  be  loved. 


150  Shorter  Latin  Course, 


FIRST   CONJUGATION. 
PASSIVE  VOICE. 

Principal   Parts:    amor    (pres.   ind.),  amari   (pres.    inf.). 
amatus  sum  (perf.  ind.). 

INDICATIVE   MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

amor,  /  am  loved.  amamur,  we  are  loved. 

amaris  (-re),  you  are  loved.  amamini,  you  are  loved. 

am  atur,  he  is  loved.  am  antur,  they  are  loved. 

IMPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

amabar,  1  was  loved.  amabamur,  ice  were  loved. 

amabaris(-re),?/0M?tfere/0yed.  amabamini,  you  were  loved. 

amabatur,  he  was  loved.  amabantur,  they  were  loved. 

FUTURE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

am  abor,  I  shall  be  loved.  am  abimur,  ice  shall  be  loved. 

amaberis   (-re),  you  will  be  amabimini,     you     will     be 

loved.  loved. 

am  abitur,  he  will  be  loved.  am  abuntur,  they  will  be  loved. 

PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

amatus  sum,  /  have  been  or       amati  sumus,  we  have  been 

was  loved.  or  were  loved. 

amatus  es,  you  have  been  or       amati  estis,  you  have  been  or 

were  loved.  were  loved. 

amatus  est,  he  has  been  or       amati  sunt,   they  have  been 

was  loved.  or  were  loved. 


Conjugation  of  the  Verbs. 

PLUPERFECT. 


151 


Singular.  Plural. 

amatus    eram,    /  had   been  amati  eramus,  we  had  been 

loved.  loved. 

amatus  eras,  you  had  been  '  amati  eratis,  you   had  been 

loved.  loved. 

amatus    erat,   he  had    been  amati  erant,  they  had  been 

loved.  loved. 

FUTURE  PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

amatus  er5,  1  shall  have  been  amati  erimus,  we  shall  have 

loved.  been  loved. 

amatus  eris,  you   will  have  amati   eritis,  you  will  have 

been  loved.  'been  loved. 

amat us  erit,  he  will  have  been  amati  erunt,  they  will  have 

loved.  been  loved. 


Singular. 
amer 

am  eris  (-re) 
ametur 


Singular. 
am  arer 
amareris  (-re) 
am  aretur 

Singular. 
amatus  sim 
amatus  sis 
amatus  sit 


SUBJUNCTIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 


IMPERFECT. 


PERFECT. 


Plural. 
arnemur. 
am  emini. 
am  entur. 

Plural. 
amaremur. 
am  aremini. 
am  ar  entur. 

Plural. 

amati  simus. 
amati  sitis. 
amati  sint. 


152  Shorter  Latin  Course. 

PLUPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

amatus  essem  amati  essgmus. 

amatus  esses  amati  essetis. 

amatus  esset  amati  essent. 

IMPERATIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

2.  am  are,  be  thou  loved.  2.  am  amini,  be  ye  loved. 

FUTURE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

2.  am  ator,  thou  shalt  be  loved.       2.  

3.  am  ator,  he  shall  be  loved.        3.  amantor,    they    shall    be 

loved. 

INFINITIVE. 

PRESENT,    am  ari,  to  be  loved. 

PERFECT,    amatus  esse,  to  have  been  loved 

FUTURE,     ainatum  Iri,  to  be  about  to  be  loved. 

PARTICIPLES. 

PERFECT.          amatus,  -a,  -um,  having  been  loved. 
GERUNDIVE,     am  andus,  -a,  -um,  to  be  loved. 
(FUTURE.) 


Conjugation  of  the  Verbs.  153 


SECOND   CONJUGATION. 

ACTIVE  VOICE. 

VERB  moneo  (STEM  mone),  advise. 
Principal  Parts :  moneo,  monere,  monui,  monitum. 

INDICATIVE     MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

mon  eo,  /  advise,  am  advising,  mon  emus,  we  advise,  are  ad- 
do  advise.  vising,  do  advise. 

mon  es,  you  advise,  are  advis-  mon  etis,  you  advise,  are  ad- 
ing,  do  advise.  vising,  do  advise. 

mon  et,  Tie  advises,  is  advising,  mon  ent,  they  advise,  are  ad- 
does  advise.  vising,  do  advise. 

IMPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

mon  ebam,  /  advised,  was  ad-  mon  ebamus,  we  advised,  were 

vising,  did  advise.  advising,  did  advise. 

mon  ebas,  you  advised,  were  mon  ebatis,  you  advised,  were 

advising,  did  advise.  advising,  did  advise. 

mon  ebat,  he  advised,  was  ad-  mon  ebant,  they  advised,  were 

vising,  did  advise.  advising,  did  advise. 

FUTURE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

mon  ebo,  /  shall  advise.  mon  ebixnus,  we  shall  advise. 

mon  ebis,  you  will  advise.  mon  ebitis,  you  will  advise. 

monebit,  he  will  advise.  monebunt,  they  will  advise. 


154  Shorter  Latin  Course. 

PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

monui,  I  have  advised,  or  /  monuimus,  we  have  advised, 

advised.  or  we  advised. 

mouuisti,  you  have  advised,  monuistis,  you  have  advised, 

or  you  advised.  or  you  advised. 

monuit,  he  has  advised,  or  he  monu  erunt  (-ere),  they  have 

advised.  advised,  or  they  advised. 

PLUPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

monu  eram,  /  had  advised.  monu  eramus,  he  had  advised. 

monu  eras,  you  had  advised.  monu  eratis,  you  had  advised. 

monu  erat,  he  had  advised.  monu  erant,  they  had  advised. 

FUTURE    PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

monuero,  /  shall  have  ad-  monuerimus,  we  shall  have 

vised.  advised. 

monueris,  you  will  have  ad-  monu eritis,  you  will  have  ad- 
vised, vised. 

monuerit,  he  will  have  ad-  monu  erint,  they  will  have  ad- 
vised, vised. 

SUBJUNCTIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

mon  earn  mon  eamus . 

mon  eas  rnoneatis. 

mou  eat  mon  eant . 

IMPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

monerem  moneremus. 

mon  eres  nion  eretis. 

mon  eret  mon  erent. 


Conjugation  of  the  Verbs.  155 

PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

monu  erim  mon  u  erimus . 

monueris  monueritis. 

monuerit  monuerint. 

PLUPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

monuissem  monuissemus. 

monuisses  monuissetis. 

monuisset  monuissent. 

IMPERATIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

2.  mone,  advise  thou.  2.  monete,  advise  ye. 


Singular.  Plural. 

2.  moneto,  thou  shalt  advise.       2.  mon  etote,  you  shall  advise. 

3.  mon  eto,  he  shall  advise.  3.  mon  ento,  they  shall  advise. 

INFINITIVE. 

PRESENT,    mon  ere,  to  advise. 

PERFECT,    monuisse,  to  have  advised. 

FUTURE,     moniturus  esse,  to  be  about  to  advise. 

PARTICIPLES. 

PRESENT,    mon  ens,  -entis,  advising. 
FUTURE,     moniturus,  -a,  -um,  about  to  advise. 


156  Shorter  Latin  Course. 

GERUND. 

Gen.     mon  endi,  of  advising. 
Dat.     mon  endo,  for  advising. 
Ace.     monendum,  advising. 
Abl.     mon  endo,  by  advising. 

SUPINE. 

Ace.     monitum,  to  advise. 
Abl.      monitu,  to  advise,  to  be  advised. 


Conjugation  of  the  Verbs.  167 


SECOND   CONJUGATION. 

PASSIVE  VOICE. 
Principal  Parts :  moneor,  moiieri,  monitus  sum. 

INDICATIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

moneor,  /  am  advised.  monemur,  we  are  advised. 

mon  eris  (-re),  you  are  advised,     mon  emini,  you  are  advised. 
mon  etur,  he  is  advised.  mon  entur,  they  are  advised. 

IMPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

mon  ebar,  I  was  advised.  mon  ebamur,  we  were  advised. 

mon  ebar  is  (-re),  you  were  ad-  mon  ebamini,  you  were  ad- 
vised, vised. 

monebatur,  he  was  ad-  monebantur,  they  were  ad- 
vised, vised. 

FUTURE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

monebor,  /  shall  be  ad-  monebimur,  we  shall  be  ad- 
vised, vised. 

moneberis  (-re),  you  will  be  monebimini,  you  will  be  ad- 
advised,  vised. 

mon  ebitur,  he  will  be  ad-  mon  ebuntur,  they  will  be  ad- 
vised, vised. 


Er>>   0*  TBDB 

fatltriBSXTT] 


158  Shorter  Latin  Course. 

PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

monitus  sum,  /  have  been  or  moniti  sumus,  we  have  bevn 

was  advised.  or  were  advised. 

monitus  es,  you  have  been  or  moniti  estis,  you  have  been 

were  advised.  or  were  advised. 

monitus  est,  he  has  been  or  moniti  sunt,  they  have  been 

was  advised.  or  were  advised. 

PLUPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

monitus   eram,  /  had  been       moniti  eramus,  we  had  been 

advised.  advised. 
monitus  eras,  you  had  been       moniti  eratis,  you  had  been 

advised.  advised. 

monitus   erat,  he  had  been      moniti  erant,  they  had  been 

advised.  advised. 

FUTURE    PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

monitus  ero,  /  shall  have  moniti  erimus,  we  shall  have 
been  advised.  been  advised. 

monitus  eris,  you  will  have  moniti  eritis,  you  will  have 
been  advised.  been  advised. 

monitus  erit,  he  will  have  moniti  erunt,  they  will  have 
been  advised.  been  advised. 

SUBJUNCTIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

monear  moneamur. 

monearis  (-re")  moneamini. 

mon  eatur  moil  eantur. 


Conjugation  of  the  Verbs. 


159 


IMPERFECT. 


Singular. 

mon  erer 
monereris  (-re) 
mon  eretur 


Plural. 

mon  eremur. 
moneremini. 
mon  erentur. 


PERFECT. 


Singular. 

monitus  aim 
monitus  sis 
monitus  sit 


Plural. 

moniti  simus. 
moniti  sitis. 
moniti  sint. 


PLUPERFECT. 


Singular. 

monitus  essem 
monitus  esses 
monitus  esset 


Plural. 

moniti  essemus. 
moniti  essetis. 
moniti  essent. 


IMPERATIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 


Singular.  Plural. 

2.  mon  ere,  be  thou  advised.         2.  mon  emini,  be  ye  advised. 


FUTURE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

2.  mon  etoc,  thou  shalt  be  ad-      2.  

vised. 

3.  monetor,  he  shall  be  ad-      3.  monentor,    they  shall    be 

vised.  advised. 


160 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


INFINITIVE. 

PRESENT,     mon  eri,  to  be  advised. 
PERFECT,     inonitus  ease,  to  have  been  advised. 
FUTURE,      monitum  iri,  to  be  about  to  be  advised. 


PARTICIPLES. 

PERFECT.          mouituB,  -a,  -um,  having  been  advised. 
GERUNDIVE,     mon  endus,  -a,  -um,  to  be  advised. 
(FUTURE.) 


Conjugation  of  the  Verbs.  161 


THIRD   CONJUGATION. 

ACTIVE  VOICE. 

VERB  rego  (STEM  rege),  rule. 

Principal  Parts:  rego,  regSre,  rexi,  rectum. 

INDICATIVE     MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

rego,  /   rule,  am   ruling,  do  regimus,  we  rule,  are  ruling, 

rule.  do  rule. 

regis,  you  rule,  are  ruling,  do  regitis,  you  rule,  are  ruling, 

rule.  do  rule. 

regit,  he  rules,  is  ruling,  does  regunt,  they  rule,  are  ruling, 

rule.  do  rule. 

IMPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

reg  ebam,  I  ruled,  was  ruling,  reg  ebamus,  we  ruled,  were 

did  rule.  ruling,  did  rule. 

regebas,  you  ruled,  were  rul-  regebatis,  you  ruled,  were 

ing,  did  rule.  ruling,  did  rule. 

reg  ebat,  he  ruled,  was  ruling,  reg  ebant,  they  ruled,  were 

did  rule.  ruling,  did  rule. 

FUTURE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

reg  am,  /  shall  rule.  reg  emus,  we  shall  rule. 

reg  es,  you  will  rule.  reg  etis,  you  will  rule. 

reget,  he  will  rule.  regent,  they  will  rule. 

M 


162  Shorter  Latin  Course. 


Singular.  Plural. 

rexi,    /    have    ruled    or    /  reximus,  we  have  ruled  or  we 

ruled.  ruled. 

rex  isti,  you  have  ruled  or  you  rexistis,  you  have   ruled  or 

ruled.  you  ruled. 

rex  it,   he    has    ruled    or    he  rexerunt  (-ere),    they   have 

ruled.  ruled  or  they  ruled. 

PLUPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

rex  eram,  I  had  ruled.  rex  eramus,  we  had  ruled. 

rex  eras,  you  had  ruled.  rex  eratis,  you  had  ruled. 

rex  erat,  he  had  ruled.  rex  erant,  they  had  ruled. 

FUTURE  PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

rexero,  I  shall  have  ruled.  rexerimus,  we  shall  have  ruled. 

rex  eris,  you  will  have  ruled.  rex  eritis,  you  will  have  ruled. 

rexerit,  he  will  have  ruled.  rexerint,  they  will  have  ruled. 


SUBJUNCTIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

regam  regamus. 

reg  as  reg  atis. 

regat  reg  ant. 

IMPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

regerem  regeremus. 

reg  eres  reg  eretis. 

reg  eret  reg  erent. 


Conjugation  of  the  Verbs.  163 

PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

rex  erim  rex  erimus . 

rex  eris  rex  eritis. 

rex  erit  rex  erint . 


PLUPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

rexissem  rexissemus. 

rexisses  rexissetis. 

rexisset  rexissent. 


IMPERATIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

2.  rege,  rule  thou.  2.  regite,  rule  ye. 


FUTURE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

2.  regitS,  thou  shall  rule.  2.  regitote,  ye  shall  rule. 

3.  regito,  he  shall  rule.  3.  regunto,  they  shall  rule. 


INFINITIVE. 

PRESENT,    regere,  to  rule. 

PERFECT,     rexisse,  to  have  ruled. 

FUTURE,     recturus  esse,  to  be  about  to  rule. 


PARTICIPLES. 

PRESENT,    regens,  -eiitis,  ruling. 
FUTURE,      rect  virus,  -a,  -um,  about  to  rule. 


164  Shorter  Latin  Course. 


GERUND. 

Gen.  reg  endi,  of  ruling. 

Dat.  reg  endo,  for  ruling. 

Ace.  regendum,  ruling. 

Abl.  reg  endo,  by  ruling. 


SUPINE. 

Ace.     rectum,  to  rule. 
Abl.     rectu,  to  rule,  to  be  ruled. 


Conjugation  of  the  Verbs.  165 

THIRD   CONJUGATION. 

PASSIVE  VOICE. 
Principal  Parts:   regor,  regl,  rectus  sum. 

INDICATIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

regor,  /  am  ruled.  regimur,  we  are  ruled. 

regeris  (-re),  you  are  ruled.  regimini,  you  are  ruled. 

regitur,  he  is  ruled.  reguntur,  they  are  ruled. 

IMPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

reg  ebar,  /  was  ruled.  reg  ebamur,  we  are  ruled. 

regebaris    (-re),    you     were  regebamini,  you  were  ruled. 

ruled. 

regebatur,  he  was  ruled.  regebantur,  they  were  ruled. 

FUTURE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

regar,  /  shall  be  ruled.  regemur,  we  shall  be  ruled. 

regeris    (-re),    you    will  be       regemini,  you  will  be  ruled. 

ruled. 
regetur,  he  will  be  ruled.  regentur,  they  will  be  ruled. 

PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

rectus  sum,    /    have    been  recti   sumus,  we  have   been 

ruled.  ruled. 

rectus  es,    you    have    been  recti    estis,   you    have   been 

ruled.  ruled. 

rectus  est,  he  has  been  ruled.  recti    sunt,   they   have    been 

ruled. 


166  Shorter  Latin  Course. 

PLUPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

rectus    eram,    /  had    been       recti  eramus,   we  had  been 

ruled.  ruled. 

rectus    eras,   you  had   been       recti    eratis,    you   had   been 

ruled.  ruled. 

rectus    erat,    he  had    been       recti    erant,  they   had    been 

ruled.  ruled. 

FUTURE    PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

rectus  ero,  I  shall  have  been  recti  erimus,  we  shall  have 

ruled.  been  ruled. 

rectus    eris,   you    will    have  recti    eritis,   you    will  have 

been  ruled.  been  ruled. 

rectus  erit,  he  will  have  been  recti    erunt,   they   will   have 

ruled.  been  ruled. 

SUBJUNCTIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 


Singular. 

Plural. 

regar 
regaris(-re) 
reg  atur 

reg  amur. 
reg  amini. 
regantur. 

IMPERFECT. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

reg  erer 
regereris  (-re) 
reg  eretur 

reg  eremur. 
reg  eremini. 
reg  erentur. 

PERFECT. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

rectus  sim 

recti  simus. 

rectus  sis 

recti  sitis. 

rectus  sit 

recti  sint. 

Conjugation  of  the  Verbs.  167 

PLUPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

rectus  essem  recti  ess  emus, 

rectus  esses  recti  essetis. 

rectus  esset  recti  essent. 

IMPERATIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

2.  regere,  be  thou  ruled.  2.  regimini,  be  ye  ruled. 

FUTURE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

2.  regitor,  thou  shall  be  ruled .       2. 

3.  reg  itor,  he  shall  be  ruled.        3.  reguntor,    they    shall    be 

ruled. 

INFINITIVE. 

PRESENT.          regi,  to  be  ruled. 

PERFECT.          rectus  esse,  to  have  been  ruled. 

FUTURE.  rectum  iri,  to  be  about  to  be  ruled. 

PARTICIPLES. 

PERFECT.          rectus,  -a,  -um,  having  been  ruled. 
GERUNDIVE,     regendus,  to  be  ruled. 
(FUTURE.) 


168  Shorter  Latin  Course. 


FOURTH   CONJUGATION. 

ACTIVE  VOICE. 

VERB  audio  (STEM  audi),  hear. 
Principal  parts  :  audio,  audire,  audivi,  auditum. 

INDICATIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

audio,  I  hear,  am  hearing,  do  audimus,  we  hear,  are  hear- 

hear.  ing,  do  hear. 

audis,  you  hear,  are  hearing,  auditis,  you  hear,  are  hearing, 

do  hear.  do  hear. 

audit,  he  hears,  is  hearing,  do  audiunt,  they  hear,  are  hear- 

hear.  ing,  do  hear. 

IMPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

audiebam,  /  heard,  was  hear-  audiebamus,  we  heard,  were 

ing,  did  hear.  hearing,  did  hear. 

audiebas,    you    heard,    were  audiebatis,  you  heard,  were 

hearing,  did  hear.  hearing,  did  hear. 

audiebat,  he  heard,  was  hear-  audiebant,  they  heard,  were 

ing,  did  hear.  hearing,  did  hear. 

FUTURE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

audiam,  7  shall  hear.  audiemus,  we  shall  hear. 

audies,  you  will  hear.  audietis,  you  will  hear. 

audiet,  he  will  hear.  audient,  they  will  hear. 


Conjugation  of  the  Verbs.  169 

PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

audlvi,    /   have   heard  or   1       audiv  imus,   we    have    heard 

heard.  or  we  heard. 
audiv  isti,  you  have  heard  or       audiv  istis,  you  have  heard  or 

you  heard.  you  heard. 

audlvit,  he  has  heard  or  he       audiv  erunt  (-ere),  they  have 

heard.  heard  or  they  heard. 

PLUPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

audiv  eram,  /  had  heard.  audiv  eramus,  we  had  heard. 

audiv  eras,  you  had  heard.  audiv  eratis,  you  had  heard. 

audiv  erat,  he  had  heard.  audiv  erant,  they  had  heard. 

FUTURE   PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

audiv  ero,  1  shall  have  heard.       audiv  erimus,  we  shall  have 

heard. 
audiv  eris,     you     will     have       audiv  eritis,    you    will    have 

heard.  heard. 

audiv  erit,  he  will  have  heard.      audiv  erint,    they    will    have 

heard. 

SUBJUNCTIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

and  iam  aud  iamus . 

audias  audiatis. 

audiat  audiant. 

IMPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

audirem  aud  ir  emus, 

aud  ires  audiretis. 

audiret  audirent. 


170 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


Singular. 

audlv  erim 
audlv  eris 
audiv  erit 


Plural. 

audlv  erimus. 
audlv  eritis. 
audlv  erint. 


Singular. 

audlv  issem 

audivisses 

audlvisset 


PLUPERFECT. 


Plural. 

audivissemus. 
audlv  issetis. 
audivissent. 


Singular. 
2.  audi,  hear  thou. 

Singular. 

2.  audito,  thou  shall  hear. 

3.  audito,  he  shall  hear. 


IMPERATIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 


Plural. 
2.  audite,  hear  ye. 


FUTURE. 


Plural. 


2.  auditote,  ye  shall  hear. 

3.  audiunto,  they  shall  hear. 


INFINITIVE. 

PRESENT,     audire,  to  hear. 
PERFECT,     audlv  isse,  to  have  heard. 
FUTURE.      audit  urus  esse,  to  be  about  to  hear. 


PARTICIPLES. 

PRESENT,     aud  iens,  -entis,  hearing. 
FUTURE.      audit  urus,  -a,  -um,  about  to  hear. 


Conjugation  of  the  Verbs.  171 


GERUND. 

Gen.  audiendi,  of  hearing. 

Dat.  audi  endo,  for  hearing. 

Ace.  audiendum,  hearing. 

Abl.  audi  endo,  by  hearing. 

SUPINE. 

Ace.     audi  turn,  to  hear. 

Abl.     auditu,  to  hear,  to  be  heard. 


172  Shorter  Latin  Course. 


FOURTH  CONJUGATION. 

PASSIVE  VOICE. 
Principal  parts  :  audior,  audiri,  auditus  sum. 

INDICATIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

aud  ior,  /  am  heard.  aud  imur,  we  are  heard. 

and  iris  (-re) ,  you  are  heard.      aud  imini,  you  are  heard. 
audltur,  he  is  heard.  audiuntur,  they  are  heard. 


IMPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

audiebar,  1  was  heard.  audigbamur,  we  were  heard. 

audiebaris   (-re),  you   were      audiebamini,  you  were 

heard.  heard. 

aud  iebatur,  he  was  heard.  aud  iebantur,  they  were 

heard. 


FUTURE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

audiar,  /  shall  be  heard.  audiemur,  we  shall  be  heard. 

audieris    (-re),   you    will  be      aud  iemini,  you  will  be  heard. 

heard. 

audietur,  he  will  be  heard.  audientur,  they  will  be  heard. 


Conjugation  of  the  Verbs.  173 

PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

audit  us  sum,  I  have  been  audit!  sumus,  we  have  been 

heard.  heard. 

audit  us  es,  you  have  been  audit!  estis,  you  have  been 

heard.  heard. 

audit  us  est,  he  has  been  audit!  sunt,  they  have  been 

heard.  heard. 

PLUPERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

audit  us    eram,   /  had   been  audit!  eramus,  we  had  been 

heard.  heard. 

audit  us  eras,  you  had  been  audit!  eratis,  you  had  been 

heard.  heard. 

audit  us    erat,    he  had   been  audit!  erant,  they  had  been 

heard.  heard. 

FUTURE  PERFECT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

audit  us  ero,  1  shall  have  been  audit !  erimus,  we  shall  have 

heard.  been  heard. 

audit  us   eris,  you  will  have  audit!  eritis,   you  will  have 

been  heard.  been  heard. 

audit  us    erit,   he  will   have  audit!  erunt,  they  will  have 

been  heard.  been  heard. 


SUBJUNCTIVE    MOOD. 

PRESENT. 

Singular.  Plural. 

aud  iar  aud  iamur. 

audiaris  (-re)  audiamini. 

aud  iatur  aud  iantur . 


174 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 

IMPERFECT. 


Singular. 
aud  irer 
audireris  (-re) 
aud  iretur 


Plural. 
aud  ireraur. 
aud  iremini. 
aud  irentur. 


Singular. 
audit  us  sim 
audit  us  sis 
audit  us  sit 


PLUPERFECT. 


Singular. 
audit  us  essem 
audit  us  esses 
audit  us  esset 


Plural. 

audit!  simus. 
audit  i  sitis. 
audit!  sint. 

Plural. 

audit!  essemus. 
audit!  essetis. 
audit!  essent. 


IMPERATIVE  MOOD. 

PRESENT. 


Singular. 
2.  aud!re,  be  thou  heard. 


Plural. 
2.  aud!min!,  be  ye  heard. 


FUTURE. 

Singular.  Plural. 

2.  auditor,    thou    shalt     be      2.  

heard. 

3.  auditor,  he  shall  be  heard.       3.  audiuntor,   they  shall  be 

heard. 


INFINITIVE. 

PRESENT.     aud!r!,  to  be  heard. 
PERFECT,     audivisse,  to  have  been  heard. 
FUTURE.      audit  um  !r!,  to  be  about  to  be  heard. 


Conjugation  of  the  Verbs.  175 


PARTICIPLE. 

PERFECT,     audit  us,  -a,  -um,  having  been  heard. 
GERUNDIVE,     audiendus,  -a,  -um,  to  be  heard. 
(FUTURE.) 


VOCABULAEIES  TO  THE  FIKST  FOUB,  PIECES 
OF  TRANSLATION. 


I.  — A  LETTER,  p.  19. 

[The  words  are  given  in  the  order  in  which  they  come  in  English.] 


fuit,  was. 

jucundus,  pleasant. 

mihi,  to  me. 

nam,/or. 

scribit,  he  writes. 

filius,  son. 

industrius,  industrious. 

mater,  mother. 

mittit,  sends. 

tibi,  to  you. 

praemium,  as  a  reward. 


soror,  sister. 

sex,  six. 

annus,  year. 

rogat,  she  asks. 

me,  me. 

quando,  ivhen. 

pater,  father. 

frater,  brother. 

revertet,  will  return. 

vale,  farewell,  good-bye. 


II. -ROMULUS  AND  REMUS,  p.  20. 
[The  words  are  given  in  the  order  in  which  they  come  in  English.] 


dum,  while. 
aedificat,  is  building. 
murus,  ivall. 
Roma,  Rome. 
improbus,  ivicked. 
transilit,  jumps  over. 
adhuc,  as  yet. 
parvus,  small. 
compellat,  addresses. 
contumeliosus,  insolent. 
verbum,  word. 
carissimus,  dearest. 


quam,  how. 

magnificus,  magnificent. 
arcent,  they  keep  off. 
inimicus,  enemy. 
egregie,  splendidly. 
autem,  but. 
ira,  anger. 
occidit,  kills. 
turn,  then. 
conficit,  he  finishes. 
feliciter,  happily. 

r  177 


178 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


III.  — THE  BLACK  SLAVE,  p.  20. 

[The  words  are  given  as  they  come  in  the  Latin.] 


Agrippa  (a  name), 
niger,  black. 
servum,  slave. 
habebat,  had. 
platea,  street. 
rident,  laugh  at. 
en  !  see  ! 

clamant,  they  shout. 
quam  !  hoio  ! 
nemo,  nobody. 
te,  you. 
lavat,  wash. 
tamen,  however. 


validus,  strong. 

audit,  hears. 

capillus,  hair. 

arripit,  he  seizes. 

frustra,  in  vain. 

lacrima,  a  tear. 

fundunt,  they  shed. 

cunctus,  all. 

sine,  without. 

mora  (abl.),  (without)  delay. 

in,  into. 

atramentum,  ink. 

demergit,  dips. 


IV.  — A  FABLE,  p.  25. 

[The  words  are  given  in  alphabetical  order.] 


animal,  animal. 

arrogat,  claims  (unjustly). 

capiunt,  they  take. 

capra,  a  goat. 

comportant,  they  bring  it  together. 

denique,  lastly. 

dividunt,  they  divide. 

equus,  a  horse. 

erit,  he  will  be. 

fames,  hunger. 

imbecillus,  weak. 

inquit,  (he)  says. 

jungunt,/orm. 

labor,  labour. 

leo,  a  lion. 

locus,  place. 

major,  greater. 

ovis,  a  sheep. 


|  partem  (ace.  sing,  of  pars),  part. 
\  partes  (ace.  plur.  of  pars) ,  parts. 
\  praeda,  booty. 

primus,  first. 

propter,  on  account  of. 

quam,  than. 

quartus,  fourth. 

quattuor,  four. 

quoniam,  since. 

secundus,  second. 

sibi,/or  himself. 

si  quis,  if  anybody,  ivhoever. 

soci8tas,  a  company. 

tertius,  third. 

unus,  one. 

vindico,  I  claim  (justly). 

vobis,  to  you. 


LATIN-ENGLISH   DICTIONARY 


EXERCISES  AND   TRANSLATION. 

Obs.  1.  Words  that  occur  in  the  Exercises  are  printed  in  thicker 
type,  (Many  of  these  occur  also  in  the  Translation.) 

Obs.  2.  A  figure  after  a  word  denotes  the  declension  or  conjugation 
to  which  it  belongs. 


a,  ab,  by  or  from  (with  abl.) ; 
it  is  not  used  for  by  before 
things  ;  see  p.  23. 

abdit,  (he)  hides. 

abest,  is  absent;  absunt,  are 
absent ;  from  absum. 

accedo  (3),  I  approach* 

accidit,  it  happens,  or  it  hap- 
pened. 

accurrunt,  (they)  run  up. 

acer,  acris,  acre  (gen.  acris,  abl. 
acri),  fierce,  keen,  spirited. 

acerrimus,  a,  um,  the  bitterest. 

acies  (5),  battle,  line  of  battle. 

acri,  abl.  sing,  of  acer  (above). 

acris  (see  acer). 

acriter  (adverb) ,  keenly,  fiercely. 

acuo  (perf.  acui),  I  sharpen. 

acutus,  a,  um,  adj.,  sharp. 

ad  (with  ace.),  to,  towards,  for, 
against.  It  translates  to  only 
when  "  motion  to  "  is  meant, 
e.g.  to  the  city,  ad  urbem. 
But  in  the  case  of  names  of 
towns  the  accusative  without 


ad  is  used,  e.g.  to  Home,  Ro- 
mam. 

adducuntur,  (they)  are  led. 

adduxit  (perf.  of  adduco),   (he) 
led  up,  tempted. 

adest,  is  here,  is  upon  us. 

adeunt,   (they)  are  coming,  ap- 
proach. 

adfectus,  a,  um,  moved,  touched. 

adferre,  to  bring. 

adflatu  (abl.  sing,   of   adflatus) 
(4),  breath. 

ad  imum  (collem),  to  the  bottom 
(of  the  hill). 

adjutor,   helper;   Deo  adjutore, 
God  being  my  helper. 

admitto  (3),  misi,    missum,  ad- 
mit, (in  se)  commit. 

admovent,  (they)  move  up. 

adnuit,  (he)  nods  to,  beckons. 

adstat,  (he)  stands  by. 

adsto  (1),  I  stand  by. 

adsum,  lam  present;  with  dat., 
I  help. 

adulescens,  entis,  a  youth. 
179 


180 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


adv&riunt,  (they}  are  coming  up, 

come  up. 

adventus  (4),  arrival. 
adverse  colle,  up-hill. 
ad  versus,  a,  um,  adj.,  adverse; 

res    adversae,    adversity, 

trouble. 
ad  versus  (preposition  with  ace.) , 

against. 
aediflcat,  (he}  builds;  aedifl- 

cant,  (they}  build. 
aedifico  (1),  [aedis,  facio],  build. 
aedificavit,  (he}  built. 
aedificium  (2),  a  building. 
Aegyptius,  a,  um,  adj.,  Egyptian. 
aeque  ac,  as  well  as. 
aes,  aeris,  n.,  copper,  money. 
aes  alienum,  debt  (literally,  other 

people's  money}. 
aestas  (gen.  aestatis),  summer. 
ager  (gen.  agii),  field,  land. 
agger  (gen.  agggris),  rampart, 

mound. 
agit,  (he}  is  doing,  (he}  does; 

vitam  ago,  J  spend  (my}  life. 
agitatus,  a,  um,  tossed. 
agmen  (gen.  agminis),  army  (on 

the  march}. 
ais,  you  say. 

albus,  a,  um,  adj.,  white. 
Alexander    (gen.    Alexandri), 

Alexander. 
alii,  others. 
alioqui,  otherwise. 
aliquando,  some  day,  once  upon 

a  time. 

aliquot,  some  few. 
alius,  a,  um,  other  (p.  89);  alii 

—  alii,  some  —  others. 
alligat,  (he}  ties,  binds. 
alligatus,  a,  um,  bound. 
alter  (see  p.  90),  the  other  (of 

two) ,  another,  a  second. 


alterum  (neut.  nom.  sing,  of 
alter). 

altus,  a,  um,  adj.,  high,  deep. 

alvus  (2),  belly. 

amans  (ace.  sing,  amantem), 
loving. 

amat,  (he}  loves;  amant,  (they} 
love;  B,ma,tur,(he)isloved; 
amantur,  (they)  are  loved. 

amicitia,  ae,  friendship. 
I  amicus  (2) ,  friend. 
I  amitto  (3),  I  lose. 

amittunt,  (they)  lose. 

amor  (gen.  amoris) ,  love. 

amoved  (2),  1  move  away. 

an,  or. 

ancilla  (1),  maid,  servant-girl. 

animal  (gen.  animalis,  neut.), 
animal. 

animus  (2),  mind,  heart. 

annus  (2),  year. 

ante  (adverb),  before;  (or  prep- 
osition with  ace.),  before; 
ante  Christum  natum,  before 
the  birth  of  Christ  (our  B.C. 
in  dates). 

antea  (adverb),  before. 

antiqui,  the  ancients. 

antiquus,  a,  um,  adj.,  ancient, 
old. 

aperio  (4),  (ui,  turn),  /  impart, 
disclose. 

aperit,  (he)  imparts. 

apparet,  (he)  appears. 

appello  (3),  I  put  in  (a  ship  to 
shore} . 

apud  (prep,  with  ace.),  by,  near; 
apud  plebem,  before  the  peo- 
ple. 

aqua  (1),  water. 

arbor  (gen.  arboris),  (fern,  gen- 
der), a  tree. 

arbustum  (2),  a  shrub. 


Latin-English  Dictionary. 


181 


arcus  (gen.  arcus),  bow. 

area  (1),  court,  courtyard. 

argentum  (2),  silver. 

aries  (gen.  arietis) ,  a  ram. 

arma  (plur.),  arms  (of  a  sol- 
dier). 

armo  (1),  arm,  equip. 

armatus,  a,  um,  armed. 

arrfpit,  (he)  snatches  up,  seizes. 

arripiunt,  (they)  snatch  up. 

ars  (gen.  artis),  art. 

assiduus,  a,  um,  adj.,  assiduous, 
continual. 

at,  but. 

Athenis,  at  Athens. 

Atticus,  a,  um,  adj.,  belonging  to 
Attica,  of  Attica. 

attingere,  to  r&ach. 

attonitus,  a,  um,  astonished. 

auctoritas,  atis,  f.,  authority. 

audacia  (1),  daring. 

audax  (gen.  audacis,  p.  48), 
daring. 

audeo,  /  dare. 

audit  (4),  (he)  hears. 

audiunt,  (they)  hear. 

aureus,  a,  um,  adj.,  golden. 

auris  (gen.  auris),  ear. 

aurum  (2),  gold. 

aut,  or ;  aut  —  aut,  either  —  or. 

autem,  however. 

auxilium  (2),  help. 

Aventmus,  a,  um,  Mons  Aventi- 
mts,  The  Aventine  Hill  (one 
of  the  seven  hills  of  Rome). 

avis  (gen.  avis),  bird. 


B 

baculum  (2),  a  staff. 
Bagradas    (ace.    Bagradain),    a 
river  in  Northern  Africa. 


B 

ballista  (1),  engine  (of  war,  a 
huge  bow  for  throwing  stones 
in  sieges). 

barba  (1),  beard. 

barbarus  (2),  a  barbarian. 

beatus,  a,  um,  adj.,  blessed, 
happy. 

bemgne,  kindly  (adv.  of  benig- 
nus). 

bibo  (3),  I  drink;  perf.  bibi,  im- 
perative bibe. 

bonus,  good ;  melior,  better ; 
optlmus,  best. 

brevis,  breve  (abl.  brevi),  short. 


cado  (3) ,  cecidi,  casum  Jail  down. 

caelum  (2),  sky. 

caeruleus,  a,  um,  adj.,  blue. 

Caesar,  arista  Roman  general 
and  statesman. 

calcar  (gen.  calcaris,  neut.), 
spur. 

Caledonia,  now  Scotland. 

calix  (gen.  calicis,  masc.),  a  cup. 

callide,  cleverly. 

callidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  clever. 

calo  (gen.  calonis),  a  camp-fol- 
lower. 

camelus  (2),  a  camel. 

campus  (2),  a  plain. 

candens  (gen.  candentis),  burn- 
ing. 

canis,  is,  a  dog. 

canit,  (he)  sings;  canunt, 
(they)  sing. 

Cantium,  Kent. 

capax  (gen.  capacis),  capacious. 

capere,  to  take. 

capere  terram,  to  arrive  at  the 
land. 

capillus  (2),  hair. 


182 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


capio,  /  take,  form,  adopt ;  insu- 
lam  capiunt,  they  make  (i.e. 
arrive  at}  the  island. 

captivus  (2),  a  captive,  prisoner. 

captus,  a,  um,  having  been  tak- 
en, captured. 

caput  (gen.  capitis,  neut,),  head, 
capital. 

career  (gen.  carceris),  m.,  prison. 

carmen  (gen.  carminis,  neut.), 
song. 

caro  (gen.  carnis),  flesh. 

carpunt,  (they}  harass. 

carus,  a,  um,  adj.,  dear. 

casgus  (2),  cheese. 

castellum  (2),  a  fort,  castle. 

castra  (2,  plur.),  a  camp. 

catapulta  (1),  a  catapult  (on  a 
large  scale :  used  by  the  Ro- 
mans in  sieges) . 

catena  (1),  a  fetter.' 

cauda  (1),  tail. 

causa,  ae,  f.,  cause,  reason. 

causa  (after  a  genitive),  for  the 
sake  of. 

celer,  celeris,  celere  (p.  51), 
quick. 

celeritas,  celeritatis,  speed. 

celeriter,  quickly. 

cena  (1),  dinner. 

ceno  (1),  I  dine. 

centum,  num.  adj.  (indeclinable), 
hundred. 

certamen,  a  struggle,  combat. 

certo  (adverb),  certainly,  assur- 
edly. 

cert  us,  a,um,  adj.,  certain,  sure; 
certiorem  (es)  facit,  (he} 
informs. 

ceteri,  the  rest. 

cibus  (2),  food. 

Cicero  (gen.  Ciceronis),  a  Roman 
orator  and  statesman. 


cingunt,  (they}  surround. 

circa  (with  ace.) ,  around. 

circiter,  about. 

circumdat,  (he}  surrounds; 
circumdant,  (they}  sur- 
round; circumdatur,  is  sur- 
rounded. 

eircumstat,  stands  around. 

clvis  (gen.  civis),  citizen. 

civitas  (gen.  civitatis),  state. 

clades  (gen.  cladis),  defeat. 

clam,  secretly. 

clamans  (gen.  clamantis),  shout- 
ing out,  calling  out. 

clamantes,  nom.  or  ace.  plur.  of 
clamans. 

clamo  (1),  I  shout. 

clamor  (gen.  clamoris),  shout, 
shouting. 

clarus,  a,  um,  adj.,  clear,  cele- 
brated. 

classis  (gen.  classis}, fleet. 

claudo  (3),  I  shut. 

claudus,  a,  um,  adj.,  lame. 

clipeus  (2),  shield. 

cognosce,  /  recognise,  know. 

collis  (gen.  collis,  rnasc.),  hill. 

collocat,  (he}  places,  stations, 
posts. 

collocatus,  a,  um,  placed. 

colloco  (1),  I  post. 

color  (gen.  coloris),  colour. 

comae  (plur.),  hair. 

comes  (gen.  comitis),  compan- 
ion. 

committitur,  is  begun. 

commotus,  a,  um,  moved. 

comparat,  (he}  prepares,  gets  to- 
gether. 

compes  (gen.  compe'dis),  fetter, 
shackle  (for  the  feet}. 

comprehendunt  (they}  seize. 

comprobo  (1),  approve,  assent  to. 


Latin- English  Dictionary. 


183 


concede  (3),  cessi,  cessum,  yield, 
ivithdraw. 

conclave  (gen.  conclavis,  neut.), 
a  room. 

confectus,  a,  um,  worn. 

confestim  (adverb),  hurriedly. 

conficio  (3),  fed,  fectum,  finish. 

conficiuut,  (they)  finish. 

confligo  (3) ,  I  fight. 

confodiunt,  (they)  stab. 

coniciunt,  (they)  throw  (with 
force). 

conjurant,  (they}  conspire. 

conjuro  (1),  I  conspire.  - 

conscendo  (3),  I  climb;  with 
navem,  I  embark. 

conserve  (1) ,  preserve. 

consilium  (2) ,  meeting,  plan. 

conspicit,  (he)  sees,  observes. 

conspiciunt,  (they)  see,  ob- 
serve. 

constitui  (perf .  of  constituo) . 

constituo  (3) ,  I  determine. 

consul  (gen.  consults),  consul  (a 
Roman  magistrate) . 

contemno  (3),  I  despise. 

contendit,  he  went  off. 

contentus,  a,  um,  adj.,  content, 
satisfied. 

conterritus,  a,  um,  very  fright- 
ened. 

continentes,  continuous. 

contra  (adverb),  on  the  other 
hand. 

contumeliosus,  a,  um,  adj.,  in- 
sulting. 

conturbatis  nostris,  our  men  hav- 
ing been  thrown  into  confu- 
sion. 

convemre,  to  assemble. 

con  viva  (1),  guest. 

convivium  (2),  an  entertain- 
ment. 


convoco  (1) ,  I  call  together. 

convertit,  (he)  turns. 

convertuntur,  are  turned. 

copia  (1) ,  a  supply. 

copiae,  forces. 

cormm  (2),  skin. 

cornu  (abl.  cornu),  horn,  wing 

(of  an  army) . 
corona     (1),     chaplet,     wreath, 

crown. 

corpus  (gen.  corporis),  body. 
corripit,  (he)  seizes. 
corticeus,  a,  um,  adj.,  cork,  made 

of  cork. 

cotldie,  every  day. 
eras  (adverb),  to-morrow. 
crates  (gen.  cratis),  a  hurdle. 
creber,  crebra,  crebrum,  adj., 

frequent. 
credo  (perf.  credidi,  with  dative), 

/  believe,  2  fancy. 
Greta  (1),  Crete. 
crmis  (gen.  crmis),  hair. 
cruciatur,  he  is  tortured. 
crudelis,  e,  adj.,  cruel;  crudelis 

in,  cruel  to. 

crudelitas,  crudelitatis,  cruelty. 
crus  (gen.  cruris,  neut.),  leg. 
culpo  (1),  blame. 
culpat,  (he)  blames;  culpant, 

(they)  blame. 
culter  (gen.  cultri),  knife. 
cum  (with  abl.),  along  with. 
cupidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  desirous. 
cupi5    (perf.    cupivi),   /   wish, 

desire. 
cura  (1),  care;  curae  esse,  to  be 

(for)  a  care. 
currit,  (he)  runs. 
cursus  (gen.  cursus),  course. 
Cyclops  (gen.  Cyclopis),  one  of 

the  Cyclopes,  the   name  of 

some  giants. 


184 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


D 

dat,  (he}  gives;  dant,  (they} 
give;  datur,  is  given;  dan- 
tur,  are  given. 

datur,  is  being  given. 

de,  prep,  with  abl.  (with  certio- 
rem  f acit,  of} ,  from,  about. 

debeo  (2) ,  I  ought,  owe. 

December,  bris,  bre,  December 
(adj.  agreeing  with  mensis). 

decidit,  (he}  falls  down;  deei- 
dunt,  (they}  fall  down,  fall 
off. 

dgdi,  perfect  of  dare,  /  gave. 

deditus,  a,  um,  given  up,  devoted 
(from  dedo) . 

defends  (3),  di,  fensum,  protect, 
defend. 

deflexit,  (he}  turned  aside. 

deinde,  then,  next. 

deicit,  (he)  throws  down,  casts. 

delectat,  (he)  delights,  pleases, 
charms;  delectant,  (they) 
delight ;  delectatur,  is  de- 
lighted ;  delectantur,  are 
delighted. 

delibgro  (1),  I  deliberate,  con- 
sider. 

deligit,  (he)  chooses  out. 

delphmes  (ace.  plur.),  dolphins. 

demum,  at  length. 

demque,  lastly. 

dens  (gen.  dentis),  tooth. 

densus,  a,  um,  adj.,  thick. 

depono  (3),  /  lay  aside,  put 
away. 

deserit,  (he)  deserts. 

desertum  (2),  a  desert. 

desino  (3),  sii  (sivi),  situm,  cease. 

despero  (1) ,  I  despair. 

detrimentum,  i,  loss,  damage. 

Deus  (2),  God. 

devolvitur,  it  is  rolled  doiun,  it 
rolls  down. 


D 

devoro  (1),  I  devour. 

dexter,  dextra,  dextrum,  adj., 
right;  dextra,  on  the  right 
hand. 

dicfire,  to  say,  to  plead. 

dico  (3),  I  say,  I  tell. 

die,  abl.  sing,  of  dies. 

diebus,  abl.  plur.  of  dies. 

dies  (5,  masc.),  day. 

difflcilis,  e,  adj.,  difficult  (su- 
perl.  difncillimus)., 

dignitas,  atis,  f.,  dignity. 

digitus  (%}, finger. 

dilapsus^  a,  um,  disappearing, 
gliding  away. 

diligens,  entis,  industrious. 

diligentia  (1),  diligence,  in- 
dustry. 

diligentissimus,  a,  um,  superla- 
tive of  diligens. 

diligentissime,  adv.,  most  indus- 
triously. 

dimico  (I},  fight. 

dimitto  (3),  I  dismiss. 

discedo  (3),  cessi,  cessum,  de- 
part. 

discipulus,  I,  pupil. 

disslmllis,  e,  adj.,  unlike  (su- 
perf.  dissimillimus). 

diu  (adverb) ,  for  a  long  time ; 
diutius,  for  a  longer  time ; 
diutissime,  for  a  very  long 
time. 

diversus,  a,  um,  adj.,  different. 

dives  (gen.  divitis),  rich. 

divmus,  a,  um,  adj.,  divine,  god- 
like. 

divitiae,  riches. 

dixit  (from  dico),  he  said. 

do  (1),  /  give;  perf.  d6di;  da 
(imperative) ,  give  ! 

dolor  (gen.  doloris) ,  grief,  pain. 

domare,  to  tame,  subdue. 


Latin-English  Dictionary. 


185 


D 

dominatio  (gen.  domination! s), 
rule,  tyranny. 

domum,  (to)  home. 

domus  (see  p.  57,  fern.),  house. 

dormiS  (4),  I  sleep. 

dubito  (1),  hesitate,  doubt. 

ducit,  (he)  leads ;  ducunt,  (they) 
lead. 

duc5  (3),  Head. 

dulcis,  e,  adj.,  sweet,  pleas- 
ant. 

dura,  while. 

duo  (see  p.  70),  two. 

duodevig-inti,  eighteen. 

dux  (gen.  ducis),  leader,  gen- 
eral. 


e,  ex  (with  abl.),/rom,  out  of. 

e  proximo,  from  quite  near. 

educit,  (he)  leads  out,  draivs 
out;  educunt,  (they)  lead 
out;  educitur,  is  led  out. 

efficit,  (he)  makes  (efficio,  ere, 
fed,  fectum). 

effigiem  (ace.  of  effigies),  figure, 
ghost. 

effugium,  il,  way  of  escape. 

effodit,  (he)  digs  up,  digs  out. 

ego  (p.  80),  I. 

egregius,  a,  um,  adj.,  remarka- 
ble, extraordinary. 

elidit,  (he)  crushes. 

eligo  (3),  I  choose  out. 

eloquor,  eloqui,  elocutus  (depo- 
nent verb),  speak  out. 

emit,  (he)  bought. 

emitto  (3) ,  I  send  out. 

en, see  I  behold  I 

enim,  for. 

eorum  (gen.  plur.  of  is) ,  of  them, 
their. 


E 

eos  (ace.  plur.  of  is) ,  them. 

epistula  (1),  letter. 

epulae,  a  banquet. 

eques  (gen.  equitis),  a  horse- 
mar  ;  equites,  cavalry. 

equus  (2) ,  horse. 

erat,  was. 

ergo,  therefore,  then. 

eripio  (3),  /  snatch  out,  escape 
(111,  reptum). 

errat,  (he)  wanders. 

error  (gen.  erroris),  wandering. 

erudio,  I  teach. 

et,  and;  et  —  et,  both  —  and. 

etiam,  also. 

Etrusci,  the  Etruscans. 

ex'  (with  abl.) ,  from ;  ex  hac 
parte,  on  this  side. 

excaeco  (1),  1  blind. 

excedit,  (he)  goes  out;  excedat, 
let  him  go  out,  depart. 

excidium  (2),  overthrow. 

excipiuntur,  (they}  are  received. 

exclamat,  (he)  calls  out,  ex- 
claims. 

exercltus  (4),  army. 

exiguus,  a,  um,  adj.,  small,  in- 
significant. 

exit,  (he)  goes  out ;  exeunt, 
(they)  go  out. 

expono  (3),  I  put  out. 

expulit,  (he)  expelled,  drove 
out. 

expulsus,  a,  um,  having  been  ex- 
pelled. 

exsilium,  ii,  exile. 

exspecto  (1),  wait  for. 

exspectat,  (he)  awaits;  ex- 
spectant,  (they)  arvait. 

exsurgunt,  (they)  rise  up. 

extra  (with  ace.),  outside. 

extremus,  a,  um,  adj.,  extreme. 

exuo  (3) ,  /  take  off. 


186 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


facetus,  a,  um,  adj.,  ivitty,  fa- 
cetious. 

facies  (5),  face. 

facllis,  e,  adj.,  easy  (superl.  fa- 
cillimus) . 

f acinus  (gen.  facinoris),  deed, 
crime. 

facio,  /  make,  do;  fed,  I  have 
made;  factus,  having  been 
made. 

facit,  (he)  makes;  faciunt, 
(they)  make ;  certiorem 
facit,  (he)  informs. 

factum  esse,  perf.  pass,  infiii.  of 
facio. 

facultas  (gen.  facultatis),  a 
chance. 

facundus,  a,  um,  adj.,  eloquent. 

fama  (1),  report. 

fames,  is,  hunger. 

feel  (perf.  of  facio),  I  made. 

feliciter,  happily,  successfully. 

f  emma  (1) ,  a  woman. 

fera  (1),  a  wild  beast. 

fere,  almost. 

ferox  (gen.  ferocis),  adj.,  fierce, 
proud. 

f errum  (2) ,  iron,  dagger,  sword. 

fert,  (he)  brings,  carries. 

ferus,  a,  um,  adj.,./?erce,  ivild. 

fervens  (gen.  ferventis),  red-hot. 

fessus,  a,  um,  adj.,  tired. 

fieri  (inf.  pass,  of  facio),  to  be- 
come. 

fllie,  (1) ,  daughter. 

films  (2),  son. 

filum  (2) ,  a  thread. 

finis  (gen.  finis,  masc.),  end; 
fines,  boundaries,  territory. 

firmus,  a,  um,  adj.,/rrm. 

flamma  (1),  flame. 

flfivus,  a,  um,  adj.,  golden. 

flexuosus,  a,  um,  adj.,  winding. 


flexura  (1),  winding,  turn. 

floreus,  a,  um,  adj.,  flowery, 
made  of  flowers. 

flos  (gen.  floris) ,  flower. 

fluctus  (4),  loave. 

flugre,  tofloiv. 

flumen  (gen.  flummis) ,  river. 

foedus  (gen.  foederis),  treaty. 

foedus,  a,  um,  adj.,  hideous, 
gloomy. 

f oris  (adverb) ,  out  of  doors. 

forte  (adverb),  by  chance,  as  it 
happened. 

fortis,  e,  adj.  (abl.  plur.,  forti- 
bus),  strong,  brave. 

fortiter,  bravely;  comp.  for- 
tius,  more  bravely;  superl. 
fortissimo,  very  bravely. 

fovea  (1),  a  pit. 

frater  (gen.  sing.,  fratris ;  gen. 
plur.,  fratrum),  brother. 

fremgre,  to  roar. 

frigus  (gen.  frigoris),  cold. 

frons  (gen.  frontis),  front,  fore- 
head. 

frumentum  (2),  corn. 

frustra,  in  vain. 

fug&  (1) ,  flight. 

fug-6  (1),  I  put  to  flight. 

fugit,  (he)  flies,  escapes. 

fugiunt,  (they)  fly,  escape. 

fuit,  10  as. 

fulgur  (gen.  fulguris),  light- 
ning; fulgura,  flashes  of 
lightning. 

funda  (1),  a  sling. 

fundo  (3),  I  rout. 

G 

galea  (1),  helmet. 
Gallicus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Gallic,  be- 
longing to  the  Gauls. 


Latin-English  Dictionary. 


187 


G 

gelidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  cold. 
gemitus  (i) ,  groaning. 
gens  (gen.  gentis),  tribe,  nation. 
gentes    (plur.  of  gens),  nation, 

tribe. 

genus  (gen.  gengris) ,  a  kind. 
gerit,  he  carries,  ivears. 
Germanus,  a  German,  German. 
gero,  /  carry,  wear ;  bellum  ge- 

rere,  to  wage  war. 
gigantes  (3) ,  giants. 
gladius  (2) ,  a  sivord. 
gloria  (1),  glory. 
gloriosus,  a,  um,  adj.,  glorious. 
Graecii,  the  Greeks. 
Graectilus  (2),  a  little  Greek. 
gradus  (gen.  gradus) ,  a  step. 
grameii  (gen.  grammis),  grass. 
gratus,   a,   um,   adj.,  welcome, 

pleasant,  pleasing ;  gratus  in 

te,  thankful  to  (towards)  you. 
gravis,  e,  adj.,  heavy,  deep. 

H 

habeo;  orationem  habere,  to  de- 
liver a  speech ;  consilium  ha- 
bere, to  hold  counsel,  to  hold 
a  meeting. 

habet,  (he)  has,  keeps  ;  habent, 
(they)  have,  keep ;  habetur, 
is  considered. 

habitabat,  lived. 

habito  (1),  1  inhabit. 

hanc  (sing.  ace.  fern,  of  hie) ,  this. 

hasta  (1) ,  a  spear. 

haud  multum,  not  much. 

haustus  (4) ,  a  draught,  a  drink. 

heri,  yesterday. 

heus!  Ho! 

hiems  (gen.  hiemis),  w  inter. 

his  (abl.  plur.  of  hie),  these. 

Hispania  (1),  Spain. 

hodie  (adv.),  to-day. 


H 

hom5  (gen.  hominis),  a  man. 
honoravisti,  you  have  honoured, 

done  honour  to. 
hora  (1),  hour. 
horribile  (from  horribilis),  adj., 

horrible. 
horridus,    a,    um,    adj.,    matted 

(hair) . 

hortus  (2) ,  garden. 
hospes  (gen.  hospitis),  a  guest. 
hostis  (gen.  hostis) ,  an  enemy ; 

bosses,  the  enemy. 
hue  (adv.),  hither. 
humanissimi,  the  most  civilised. 
humanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  human. 
humus  (2,  fern.) ,  ground,  earth. 


ibat,  (he)  was  going,  walking. 

ibi  (adv.),  there. 

idem  (see  p.  84),  the  same. 

igitur,  therefore. 

ignarus,  a,  um,  adj.,  ignorant. 

ignis  (gen.  ignis) ,  fire. 

ignoro  (1),  /  am  ignorant  of,  do 

not  know. 
ille  (nom.  sing.  fern,   ilia,  gen. 

sing,   illius,   ace.  plur.  fern. 

illas;  seep.  83),  that. 
illo  (sing.  abl.  masc.  or  neut.  of 

ille),  that. 
illo    (adv.),     thither,     to     that 

place. 
imago    (gen.    imaginis,    fern.), 

image,  likeness. 
imber  (gen.  imbris) ,  a  shower  of 

rain. 

imberbis,  e,  adj.,  beardless. 
imbuit,  dyes. 
immemor    (gen.    immemoris) , 

adj.,  unmindful,  forgetful. 
impendet   capiti,  overhangs  his 

head. 


188 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


imperator,  oris,  general  (em- 
peror) . 

imperium  (2),  rule. 

impetus  (4),  charge,  rush. 

impiger,  impigra,  impigrum, 
adj.,  active,  energetic. 

impleo  (perf .  implevi) ,  I  fill. 

implicitus,  a,  um,  enveloped. 

implorant,  (they}  entreat  for. 

imploro  (1),  I  entreat  for. 

impositus,  a,  um,  set,  perched. 

impudens,  entis,  adj.,  impudent, 
shameless. 

imus,  a,  um,  adj.,  lowest;  ad 
imum  (collem),  to  the  bottom 
(of  the  hill). 

in,  with  abl.,  in,  on ;  with  ace., 
into,  on  to,  against. 

inauditus,  a,  um,  unheard  of. 

incertus,  a,  um,  adj.,  uncer- 
tain. 

incidit,  (he)  falls  into ;  incidunt, 
(they)  fall  into. 

incltat,  (he)  urges  on;  inci- 
tant,  (they)  urge  on. 

incitatis  equis,  their  horses  hav- 
ing been  urged  on;  (with 
their  horses  at  a  gallop). 

incola  (1),  an  inhabitant. 

incol5  (3),  I  inhabit;  incolunt, 
(they)  inhabit. 

incultus,  a,  um,  adj.,  uncivi- 
lised. 

incursio  (gen.  incursionis) ,  as- 
sault,  inroad. 

inducuntur,  are  led  on. 

mfensus,  a,  um,  adj.,  enraged, 
furious. 

innciunt,  (they)  dye. 

mfigo  (3) ,  I  thrust  in,  dig  in. 

infmltus,  a,  um,  adj.,  infinite, 
innumerable. 

ingens   (gen.    ingentis,  abl.  in- 


gentl,  nom.  plur.  neut.,  in- 
gentia),  adj.,  huge. 

ingratus,  a,  um,  adj.,  ungrateful. 

in  his,  among  them. 

imquus,  a,  um,  adj.,  unfavour- 
able. 

illicit,  (Tie)  throws  over,  thrusts. 

init,  (he)  forms. 

inquit,  (he)  says. 

insidiae  (1),  snares. 

insidior  (1),  ari,  atus  (deponent 
verb) ,  lie  in  ambush. 

mstat,  approaches,  is  almost 
come. 

institutus,  a,  um,  arranged,  begun. 

mstruo  (3),  I  draw  up. 

insula  (1),  island. 

insuper,  on  the  top. 

intellSgit,  (he)  knows  of,  under- 
stands. 

intentus,  a,  um,  adj.,  intent. 

inter  (with  ace.) ,  among,  between. 

interdum  (adverb),  sometimes. 

interflcio,  /  kill;  interflcere, 
to  kill ;  interflciunt,  (they) 
kill;  interflcltur,  he  is 
killed,  put  to  death ;  (perf. 
interfeci). 

interrogo  (I),  I  ask,  question. 

intra  (with  ace.),  within,  inside. 

intrat,  (he  enters)  (intro,  are,  avi, 
atum). 

intrude  (3,  perf.  intrusi),  I  thrust 
in. 

intus  fadverb),  within. 

invenio,  /  find ;  invem,  I  have 
found,  I  found;  inveniun- 
tur,  (they)  are  found,. 

invisus,  a,  um,  hateful  (invideo). 

invito  (1),  I  invite. 

ipse  (see  p.  8(5),  himself,  etc. 

ipse  se  interficit,  he  (himself) 
kills  himself. 


Latin- English  Dictionary. 


189 


iratus,  a,  um,  angry,  enraged. 

irruunt,  (they)  rush  on. 

is    (gen.  ejus,  p.  84),  this;   he, 

she,  it. 

iste  (see  p.  87) ,  that  (of  yours) . 
ita,  so. 

Italia  (1),  Italy. 
itaque,  so. 
iter,  itineris  (neut.),  way;   iter 

facit,  he  marches. 
iterum,  again ;  iterum  atque 

iterum,  again  and  again. 


jacent,  (they)  lie. 

jacio  (perf.  jeci),  I  throw. 

jam,  already. 

janua,  door  (of  a  house). 

jubeS  (perf.  jussi),  I  order. 

jubet,  (he)  orders. 

judex,  icis  (masc.),  judge. 

judicium  (2),  a  trial. 

jussa,  orum  (2),  orders  (mostly 
in  plural). 

jussus  (gen.  jussus),  order,  com- 
mand. 

juvenis  (gen.  sing,  juvenis,  gen. 
plur.  juvenum),  a  young 
man. 

juventus  (gen.  juventutis,  fern.), 
youth. 


labor  (gen.  laboris,  ace.  laborem) , 

toil,  labour. 
laboro  (1),  work. 
labrum  (2),  lip. 

labyrmthus  (2),  labyrinth,  maze. 
lac  (gen.  lactis) ,  milk. 
lacgro  (1) ,  /  tear  apart,  in  pieces. 
lacrima  (1) ,  a  tear. 


laetus,  a,  um,  adj.,  happy,  joy- 
ful ;  laeti  inveniunt,  are  de- 
lighted to  find. 

lapis  (gen.  lapidis,  masc.),  a 
stone. 

latus  (gen.  lateris),  side,  flank. 

laudat,  (he)  praises;  laudant, 
(they)  praise  ;  laudatur,  is 
praised;  laudantur,  are 
praised. 

laus  (gen.  laudis) ,  praise. 

legatus  (2),  ambassador. 

legibus  (dat.  plur.  of  lex),  laws. 

legio  (gen.  legionis,  fern.),  a 
legion. 

leg-it,  (he)  reads ;  legunt,  (they) 
-read ;  leg-Itur,  is  read. 

lentus,  a,  um,  adj.,  slow. 

leo  (gen.  leonis) ,  a  lion. 

leviter,  gently,  softly. 

liber  (gen.  libri) ,  a  book. 

liber,  a,  um,/ree. 

liberatus,  set  free. 

HbSri,  children. 

libero  (1),  I  set  free;  liberare,  to 
set  free. 

lignum  (2),  wood,  log  of  wood. 

lingua  Latina,  the  Lathi  tongue, 
language. 

litus  (gen.  litoris),  shore,  coast. 

locus  (2),  a  place. 

longe  (adverb),  by  far,  far,  a 
great  deal. 

longius  (adverb,  comparative  de- 
gree), at  some  distance. 

longurius  (2),  a  long  pole. 

longus,  a,  um,  adj.,  long. 

loquax  (gen.  loquacis) ,  talkative. 

loquor  (3) ,  locutus,  speak  (depo- 
nent) . 

lorica  (1),  a  cuirass. 

liioe    (abl.   sing,   of    lux),   light, 


190 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


lumen,  inis  (3),  the  light 
lima  (1),  the  moon. 

M 

made  (abl.  sing,  of  macies),  icith 

leanness. 

magicus  a,  um,  adj.,  magic. 
mag-ister     (gen.    magistri),    a 

master  (of  pupils). 
magnitude  (gen.  magnitudinis), 

size. 

magnopgre,  greatly. 
magnus,  great,  large,  big  (comp. 

major,  superl.  maximus). 
majores,  um,  ancestors. 
mains,    a,    um,    bad;     pejor, 

worse;  pessimus,  worst. 
malus  (2),  a  mast. 
manare,  to  flow,  drop,  stream. 
mane,  in  the  morning. 
manet,  (he)  remains;  manent, 

(they)  remain. 
manus    (4,    fern.),   a    hand,    a 

force    of  soldiers;    puguam 

in  manibus  faciunt,  they  en- 
gage in  a  hand  to  hand  fight. 
mare  (gen.  maris),  sea. 
maritimus,  a,  um,  adj.,  belonging 

to  the  sea. 
mater  (gen.  sing,  matris,  gen. 

plur.  matrum),  mother. 
maximus,  a,  um,  adj.,  greatest, 

largest,    biggest   (superl.  of 

magnus) . 
me,  ace.  of  ego. 

mecum  (me  and  cum),  ivith  me. 
medius,   a,  um,   adj.,   middle; 

in  agreement  with  a  noun, 

in  the  middle  of. 
melior  (neut.  melius,  gen.  me- 

lioris,  comp.  of  bonus),  better. 
melius  (adverb),  better. 
membrum  (2),  member,  limb. 


M 

memor  (gen.  memoris),  mindful. 

mensis  (gen.  mensis,  masc.), 
month. 

mercator  (gen.  mercatoris),  a 
merchant. 

metallum  (2),  a  metal. 

metu  (abl.  of  metus),  with  fear. 

metus  (4),  fear. 

meus,  a,  um,  my,  mine. 

mi,  voc.  of  meus. 

miles  (gen.  imlitis),  soldier. 

militia  (1),  military  service. 

mille  (indeclinable  in  sing.,  plur. 
milia,  see  p.  70),  a  thousand. 
;  miuax  (gen.  minacis),  adj., 
threatening. 

minimus,  a,  um,  least,  smallest 
(superl.  of  parvus) . 

rninisterium,  (2),  ministry,  at- 
tendance. 

minor  (neut.  minus,  gen.  mi- 
noris),  less,  smaller  (comp. 
of  parvus);  natu  minor, 
younger. 

miror  (1) ,  /  wonder  at.  This  is 
what  is  called  a  "  deponent " 
verb.  It  has  active  mean- 
ing, but  passive  form. 

minis,  a,  um,  adj.,  wonderful. 

miser,  misera,  miserum,  adj.,  un- 
happy, viretched,  miserable. 

miserandus,  a,  um,  piteous. 

misericordia  (\),pity. 

mittit  (3) ,  (he)  sends ;  mittunt, 
(they)  send,  (ere,  misi,  mis- 
sum.) 

mittitur,  is  sent. 

mittunt,  (they)  send. 

mixtus,  a,  um,  mixed. 

modo  (adverb),  only. 

modus  (2),  manner. 

molestus,  a,  um,  adj.,  trouble- 
some, annoying  (a  nuisance). 


Latin- English  Dictionary. 


191 


M 

mons  (gen.  mentis),  M.,  a  moun- 
tain. 

monstrum  (2) ,  a  monster. 

mora  (1),  delay. 

morbus  (2),  disease,  sickness. 

mors  (gen.  mortis),  F.,  death. 

mortims,  a,  um,  adj.,  dead. 

m5s  (gen.  moris),  M.,  manner, 
custom,  habit,  character. 

motus,  a,  um,  moved. 

moveo,  ere,  movi,  motum,  move. 

mox,  soon. 

mulget,  (he)  milks. 

mulier  (gen.  maligns),  woman. 

multitud5  (gen.  multitudinis) , 
a  multitude,  a  large  num- 
ber. 

multo  (adv.),  by  much,  much. 

multum,  much. 

multus,  a,  um,  adj.,  much. 

mundus  (2) ,  the  world. 

munio  (4),  I  fortify. 

mumtiones,  fortifications. 

muniunt,  (they)  fortify. 

murmuro  (1) ,  /  murmur. 

murus  (2) ,  a  wall. 


N 

narrant,  (they)  relate. 

natu  (abl.  of  natus,  4),  by  birth  ; 
natu  major,  older;  natu 
minor,  younger ;  natu 
maximus,  oldest ;  natu 
minimus,  youngest. 

natus,  having  been  born ;  duos 
annos  natus,  tioo  years  old. 

nauta  (1),  a  sailor. 

navi  (abl.  of  navis),  in  a  ship. 

navis  (gen.  navis) ,  a  ship ;  navis 
longa,  a  war-ship. 

ne,  conj.,  that  not,  not,  (pages 
137  and  141). 


N 

-ne  (used  in  asking  a  question, 
see  p.  112). 

nebula  (1),  a  cloud. 

nee,  ?io?\ 

ngcat,  (he)  slays. 

neco  (1),  I  slay. 

nego  (1) ,  I  deny.  Negat  se  venire 
posse,  he  said  that  he  could 
not  come. 

nemo  (inis),  (ne,  homo)  nobody, 
for  the  genitive  use  nullms, 
for  the  ablative  use  nullo. 

neque,  nor;  neque  —  neque, 
neither  —  MO?',-  neque tamen, 
9io?"  yet,  not  however. 

nescio,  I  do  not  know. 

neve,  nor  (introducing  a  clause 
of  purpose  after  ne) . 

niger,  nigra,  nigrum,  adj.,&facfc. 

nihil  (not  declined,  neut.), 
nothing. 

nimium,  too  much,  too. 

nobilis,  e,  adj.,  noble. 

nocte  (abl.  of  nox) .  in  the  night. 

nocturnus,  a,  um,  adj.,  belonging 
to  the  night,  nightly,  night. 

noluerunt,  (they)  would  not, 
ivere  not  ivilling. 

nomen  (gen.  nominis),  name. 

non,  not;  non  jam,  no  longer. 

nos  (nom.  and  ace.),  we,  us. 

noster,  nostra,  nostrum,  our. 

n5tus,  a,  um,  known. 

novus,  a,  um,  adj.,  new,  strange. 

nox  (gen.  noctis),  night. 

nubes  (gen.  nubia),  cloud. 

nullus  (see  p.  88) ,  no. 

numerus  (2),  number. 

nunc,  now. 

nunquam,  never. 

nuntio  (1),  I  announce. 

nuntius  (2),  a  message,  messen- 
ger. 


192 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


ob  (with  ace.) ,  on  account  of. 

obiit,  (he)  died. 

obsident,  (they)  besiege. 

obtruncat,  (he)  cuts  down,  strikes 
down. 

occiditur,  (he}  is  killed. 

oculus  (2),  eye. 

occupabant,  (they)  occupied, 
seized. 

octoginta,  eighty. 

omne  tempus,  for  all  time,  for 
ever. 

omnibus  (abl.plur.  of  omnis),  alt. 

omnis,  omne,  adj.,  all. 

onus  (gen.  onfiris),  N.,  burden. 

opem  (ace.),  aid. 

opgre  (abl.  of  opus),  on  the  work. 

opportunus,  a,  um,  favourable. 

oppressus,  a,  um,  oppressed, 
iveighed  down. 

opprimit  (from  opprimo ;  perf.  op- 
press!),  overcomes,  sivamps. 

oppugno  (1),  attack,  besiege. 

optime  (adv.),  very  well. 

optimus  (superl.  of  bonus) ,  very 
good,  best. 

opto  (1),  desire. 

opus  (gen.  operis),  N.,  work. 

ora  (1),  shore. 

oratio  (gen.  orationis),  speech, 
oration. 

orator  (gen.  oratoris) ,  orator. 

orbes  faciunt,  (they)  form  circles 
(=  our  squares) . 

ordo  (gen.  ordinis,  masc.),  rank, 
order. 

ore  (see  os). 

ornat,  he  adorns,  decorates, 
equips,  fits  out ;  5rnant, 
(they}  adorn,  etc. 

ornatus  (gen.  ornatus),  adorn- 
ment, grand  dress. 

oro  (1),  I  pray. 


O 

os  (gen.  oris) ,  mouth,  face. 
os  (gen.  ossis) ,  a  bone. 
ostium  (2),  entrance,  door. 
ovis  (gen.  ovis) ,  a  sheep. 


pacem  (ace.  sing,  of  pax) ,  peace. 
paene,  (adv.),  almost. 
pallidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  pa/e. 
palus  (gen.  pali),  stake. 
palus  (gen.  paludis),  marsh. 
panis  (gen.  panis),  bread. 
par  (gen.  paris),  equal. 
parens  (gen.  parentis),  a  parent. 
parere  (inf.  of  pareo,  with  dat.), 

to  obey. 

paro  (1),  I  prepare. 
pars  (gen.  partis),  a  part,  some. 
partibus ;  multis  partibus,  a  great 

deal. 

partim,  partly. 

parvus,  a,  um,  adj.,  small,  little. 
pascq,  I  feed ;  pascit,  (he)  feeds. 
passus  (4),  apace  (see  p.  70). 
pater   (gen.    sing,   patris,   gen. 

plur.  patrum) ,  father. 
patrcs,  um,  the  Fathers. 
patria  (1),  native  country. 
pauci,  a  few. 
paullatim,  adv.,  by  degrees,  little 

by  little. 

paululum,  for  a  bit. 
pauper    (gen.   pauperis),   adj., 

poor. 

pax  (gen.  pacis),  peace. 
pecunia  (1),  money,  a  sum  of 

money. 

pecus  (gen.  pecoris),  a  herd,  flock. 
pedester   (pedestris,   pedestre) 

adj.,  foot;  copiae  pedestres, 

foot-forces,    infantry ;    iter 

pedestre,  a  journey  on  foot. 


Latin-English  Dictionary. 


193 


pejor  (comp.  of  malus) ,  worse. 
pellibus  (abl.  plur.  of  pellis) ,  (3) 

with  skins. 

pendent,  (they)  hang. 
pendit,    (he)   pays;  pendunt, 

(they)  pay. 
penetro   (1),  /  penetrate,  make 

my  way. 
per  (prep,  with  ace.),  through, 

daring,  over. 

perculsus,  a,  um,  stricken. 
percutit,  (he)  strikes. 
pergo  (3) ,  proceed. 
perpetuus,   a,   um,  adj.,  perpet- 
ual. 
persequor    (3),    deponent    verb, 

follow. 
pes  (gen.  pedis) ,  foot ;  in  pedes 

se   dederunt,    took    to   their 

heels,  ran  away. 
pessimus,    a,    um,   (superl.   of 

malus),  ivorst,  very  bad. 
pestifer,  a,  um,  adj.,  pestilential, 

poisonous. 
petit,  (he)  asks  for,  seeks ;  pe- 

tunt,  (they}  ask  for,  seek. 
petunt,   (they)  seek;  make  for, 

attack. 

philosophus  (2),  a  philosopher. 
piger,  pigra,  pigrum,  adj.,  lazy. 
piscis  (3),  a  fish. 

plebs  (gen.  plebis),  F.,  the  com- 
mons. 

plenus,  a,  um,  adj.,/ttZL 
plerique,    the    greater    number, 

most. 
plurimus,  a,  um,  adj.,  very  much  ; 

plurimi,  very  many. 
poctilum  (2) ,  a  cup. 
poema  (gen.poematis)  (neuter), 

a  poem. 

poena  (I), penalty, punishment. 
poeta  (1),  a  poet. 


polite,  adv.,  elegantly. 

polluitur,  is  polluted. 

ponmm  (2),  fruit. 

ponit,  (he)  places. 

pono,  /  place;  posui  (perf.),  I 
placed,  I  have  placed. 

ponunt,  (they)  place. 

porrigit,  he  stretches  forth. 

Porsma  (1),  king  of  the  Etrus- 
cans. 

porta  (\),gate,  door. 

portat,  (he)  carries;  portant, 
(they)  carry. 

porto  (1),  carry. 

portus  (4) ,  a  harbour. 

posse  (inf.  of  possum),  to  be  able 
(see  nego). 

possent,  imperf.  subj.  of  possum. 

possident,  (they)  possess. 

possit,  pres.  subj.  of  possum. 

post  (adverb),  afterwards;  prep. 
behind,  after  ;  post  Christum 
natum,  after  the  birth  of 
Christ  (our  A.D.  in  dates). 

posterus,  a,  um,  adj.,  next,  fol- 
lowing. 

postquarn,  after  that. 

postremo  (adverb) ,  last  of  all. 

postremus,  a,  um,  adj.,  last. 

postulat,  (he)  demands. 

postulo  (1),  demand. 

potens  (gen.  potentis),  power- 
ful. 

potest,  (he)  (it)  is  able,  can; 
possuut,(they)  are  able,  can. 

potestas  (gen.  potestatis) ,  power. 

praeceps  (gen.  praecipitis) ,  adj., 
headlong,  precipitous. 

praecidit,  (he)  cuts  off. 

praeclarissime,  very  splendidly 
(adverb  of  the  following) . 

praeclarissimus,  a,  um,  adj.,  very 
celebrated. 


O 


194 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


praeclarus,  a,  um,  adj.,  cele- 
brated. 

praedo  (gen.  praedonis) ,  a  pirate. 

praemium  (2) ,  a  reward. 

praestant,  (they]  excel,  have  the 
advantage. 

praeter  (prep,  with  ace.) ,  besides, 
except. 

pratum  (2) ,  a  meadow. 

prgcibus,  ivith  prayers. 

pretium  (2),  a  price. 

prlmo  (adverb),  at  first. 

primum  (adverb) ,  first. 

primus,  a,  um,  adj.,  first. 

prmceps  (gen.  prmcipis),  chief, 
leader. 

prius  (adverb) ,  first. 

pro  (with  abl.),  before,  on  behalf 

of,  instead  of. 
*prob6  (1),  I  approve. 

procedit,  (he)  advances. 

prodigium  (2),  a  prodigy,  won- 
der. 

proditor,  oris,  traitor. 

proelium  (2),  battle. 

prohibet,  (he)  keeps  off. 

proiciunt,  they  throw  forth. 

pronus,  a,  um,  adj.,  headlong. 

prope  (prep,  with  ace.,  also  ad- 
verb), near,  nearly. 

propero  (1),  I  hasten. 

propius  (adverb),  nearer. 

prora  (1),  a  prow. 

provoco  (1),  I  challenge. 

proximus,  a,  um,  adj.,  the  next, 
the  following;  e  proximo, 
from  quite  near. 

prudenter,  wisely. 

prudentia  (1),  skill. 

puella  (1) ,  a  girl. 

puer  (gen.  pueri),  a  boy. 

pugna  (1),  battle. 

pugnatur,  it  is  fought. 


Q 

pugnS  (1),  I fight. 

pulcher,  pulchra,  pulchrum, 
adj.,  beautiful. 

Pumcus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Punic ;  Car- 
thaginian. 

punio  (4),  I  punish. 


quadragesmms,  a,  um,  num.  adj., 
fortieth. 

quadringentesimus,  a,  um,  num= 
adj.,  four-hundredth. 

quae  (see  qui,  p.  92) ,  ichich. 

quaero,  ere,  sivT,  situm,  ask. 

quaerit,  he  asks  for,  inquires  for ; 
quaerunt,  (they)  ask  for, 
seek. 

quaeso,  I  pray. 

quam,  than;  with  a  note  of  ex- 
clamation, hoy) ! 

quamquam,  although. 

quam  ob  rem  (adv.),  for  what 
reason. 

quando,  when? 

quantus,  a,  um,  how  great. 

quatit,  (he)  shakes. 

-que,  and.  The  que  is  attached 
to  the  second  of  the  two 
words;  "brothers  and  sis- 
ters "  is  fratres  sororesque 
(or  fratres  et  sorores) . 

quercus  (4,  fern.),  an  oak. 

qui,  who  (seep.  92). 

qui  (nom.  plur.  of  qui),  those 
who. 

quia,  because. 

quid,  indef.  pron.,  anything  (p. 
141,  foot-note). 

quid,  ivhat?  (See  quis,  p. 
93.) 

quidam,  quaedam,  quoddam,  a 
certain ;  quidam  (nom.  plur. 
masc.),  certain. 


Latin- English  Dictionary. 


195 


Q 

quidem,  indeed. 

quidquid  (nom.  or  ace.  neuter  of 
quisquis) ,  whatever. 

quies  (gen.  quietis),  rest,  quiet. 

quietus,  a,  um,  adj.,  quiet,  inac- 
tive. 

qum,  coiij.  [qui,  ne],  but  that, 
that. 

qumquagesimus,  a,  um,  num. 
adj.,  fiftieth. 

qumquaginta,  fifty. 

q  unique,  five. 

quisque,  each. 

quod  (see  qui,  p.  92) ,  which. 

quod  (adverb),  because. 

quomodo,  how  ? 

quondam,  once. 

quot,  hoiv  many  ? 

quotiens,  how  often?  in  XIII., 
as  often  as. 

R 

radunt,  (they)  shave. 

ramus  (2) ,  a  branch. 

rarus,  a,  um,  adj.,  rare,  extraor- 
dinary. 

recedit,  (he)  retires;  recedunt, 
(they)  retire,  draw  back. 

recte,  rightly. 

rectus,  a,  um,  adj.,  right. 

redclo,  I  give  back,  return;  redde, 
give  back ! 

redeunt,  (they)  come  back,  re- 
turn. 

redigit,  (he)  reduces,  subdues; 
redigunt,  (they)  reduce. 

redit,  (he)  returns;  redeunt, 
(they)  return. 

reducit,  (he)  leads  back. 

reg-ma  (1),  a  queen. 

regio  (gen.  regionis),  district, 
region. 


R 

regius,  a,  um,  adj.,  royal. 

regno  (1),  I  reign. 

rego  (3),  I  rule,  steer. 

regulus  (2),  a  prince. 

religo  (1),  I  tie. 

relinquo,  (3),  /  leave;  reliqui,  I 
have  left,  I  left. 

reliqui,  ae,  a,  adj.,  the  rest,  the 
remainder. 

removet,  (he)  removes,  with- 
draws. 

renovatur,  is  reneived. 

res  (5) ,  thing,  fact,  matter,  af- 
fair. 

res  publica  (1),  state. 

respondet,  (he)  answers. 

restat,  (he)  (it)  remains. 

retrahit,  (he)  draios  back;  retra- 
hunt,  (they)  draw  back,  drag 
back. 

revertit,  he  returns;  revertunt, 
(they)  return. 

reverto  (3,  perf.  reverti),  I  re- 
turn, come  back. 

rex  (gen.  regis),  a  king. 

ridens,  smiling,  laughing. 

rideo,  /  laugh. 

robustus,  a,  um,  adj.,  strong. 

rogare,  to  ask. 

Romanus,  a,  um,  adj.,  Roman  ; 
Romam,  the  Romans. 

rosa  (1),  a  rose. 

rota  (1),  wheel. 

ruma  (1),  downfall. 


saepe,  often;  saepius,  more 
often;  saepissime,  very 
often. 

saevus,  a,  um,  adj.,  cruel,  fierce. 

sagmabat,  (he)  used  to  feast, 
gorge. 


196 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


s 

sagitta  (1),  an  arrow. 

Sagittarius,  a,  um,  adj.,  using 
bow  and  arrows;  sagittarii, 
archers. 

salus  (gen.  saliitis),  safety. 

salvus,  a,  um  (adj.),  safe. 

sanguis  (gen.  sangumis),  blood. 

sapiens  (gen.  sapientis),  toise, 
a  ivise  man. 

sapienter,  adv.,  wisely. 

sapientia  (1),  wisdom. 

saxum,  rock. 

scid  (4,  ivi,  itum),  I  know. 

scriba  (1) ,  a  secretary. 

scribo  (3),  scrips!,  scriptum,  write. 

se  ipse  interficit,  (he)  kills  him- 
self. 

secedo  (3),  I  secede,  withdraw. 

secum,  with  him  (cum,  with,  is 
tacked  on  to  se) . 

secundus,  a,  um,  adj.,  second. 

secuturus,  a,  um,  in  order  to 
follow,  with  the  intention  of 
following. 

sed,  but. 

s6deo,  /  sit. 

sSges  (gen.  seggtis) ,  a  crop. 

Semele  (gen.  Semeles),  Semele. 

semper,  always. 

senex  (gen.  sing,  senis,  gen. 
.  plur.  senum) ,  an  old  man. 

sentio  (perf .  sens!) ,  I  feel. 

septendecim,  seventeen. 

sequitur,  (he)  follows. 

sermo  (gen.  sermonis),  conver- 
sation, talk;  in X.,  language. 

serpens  (gen.  serpentis),  a  ser- 
pent. 

sSrunt,  (they)  sow. 

servat,  keeps. 

servus  (2) ,  a  slave. 

sescenti,  ae,  a,  num.  adj.,  six  hun- 
dred. 


si,  if. 

si  cui,  if  to  any  one ;  si  quid, 
if  .  .  .  anything.  See  foot- 
note, p.  141. 

sic,  so. 

siccus,  a,  um,  adj.,  dry. 

Sicilia  (1),  Sicily. 

slgnum  (2),  a  sign,  mark,  stan- 
dard. 

silentium  (2),  silence. 

silva  (1),  a  wood,  forest. 

similia  (plur.  neut.  of  similis), 
like. 

similis,  e,  adj.,  like  (superl.  si- 
millimus). 

simul  atque,  as  soon  as. 

sin,  conjunction,  but  if. 

sine  (with  abl.),  without. 

singularis,  e,  adj.,  extraordinary, 
single. 

sinister,  sinistra,  sinistrum,  adj., 
left. 

sitit,  thirsts,  is  thirsty. 

socius  (2) ,  a  companion. 

solum  (2),  earth. 

solum  (adverb),  only. 

solus,  a,  um,  adj.  alone  (p.  88). 

solvo  (3),  I  cut  loose,  put  off  (a 
ship). 

somnus  (2) ,  sleep. 

soror  (gen.  sororis),  sister. 

spatiosus,  a,  um,  adj.,  spacious, 
roomy. 

spectaculum  (2),  sight,  spectacle. 

spectat,  (it)  looks. 

speculators,  the  scouts. 

specus  (gen.  specus) ,  a  cave. 

spes  (5) ,  a  hope. 

splendidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  splendid. 

spuma  (l),/oam. 

squalidus,  a,  um,  adj.,  dirty. 

stantem  (ace.  of  stans),  stand- 
ing. 


Latin- English  Dictionary. 


197 


stat,  (he)  stands. 

statim,  at  once. 

sternit,  (he)  lays;  sternunt, 
(they)  lay. 

stipeudium  (I), pay. 

strepitus  (gen.  strepitus),  clank- 
ing. 

stultitia  (I),  folly. 

stultus,  a,  um,  adj.,  foolish. 

sub  (prep,  with  abl.) ,  under ;  sub 
vespSrum,  about  evening- 
time. 

subrto,  suddenly. 

sublatus  est,  ivas  removed. 

submittuntur,  (they)  are  sent 
up. 

subrideo  (perf .  subrisi) ,  1  smile. 

sudor  (gen.  sudoris),  sweat. 

sui  (nom.  plur.),  his  own  men. 

suniere,  to  take. 

summovent,  (they)  remove. 

summus,  a,  um,  adj.,  highest, 
extreme,  great ;  summus 
collis,  the  top  of  the  hill; 
summa  vi,  ivith  all  their 
might ;  summis  Volscorum 
copiis,  with  all  the  forces  of 
the  Volsci. 

suo  quisque  tempore,  each  at  his 
own  time  (at  the  time  that 
he  finds  convenient). 

super  (prep,  with  abl.),  above. 

superat,  (he)  defeats;  supe- 
rant,  (they)  defeat;  in  X., 
is  greater  than. 

supsratus,  a,  um,  overcome. 

superbia  (I),  pride. 

superbus,  a,  um,  ad].,  proud. 

superius  (neut.  of  superior), 
upper. 

supero  (1) ,  pass  over,  overcome. 

supersunt,  (they)  remain  over, 
are  left. 


supra   (prep,    with    ace.),   over, 

above. 

surdus,  a,  um,  adj.,  deaf. 
surgit,  (he)  rises. 
sustinent,   withstand t  stand   up 

against. 
suus,   a,  um,  his   (own),   their 

(own). 


tabes,  is,  F.,  wasting,  consump- 
tion, decay. 

taceo,  1  am  silent,  I  hold  my 
tongue. 

talis,  e  (gen.  talis),  adj.,  such,  the 
following. 

tarn-en,  however. 

tamque,  and  so. 

tandem,  at  length. 

tantus,  a,  um,  adj.,  so  great, 
such. 

taurus  (2),  a  bull. 

te  (ace.  of  tii),  you  (of  one  per- 
son). 

telum  (2),  a  dart. 

tempestas  (gen.  tempestatis) ,  a 
storm. 

templum  (2),  temple. 

tempus  (gen.  temporis),  time. 

tenet,  (he)  holds;  tenent,  (they) 
hold. 

tergum  (2),  back,  rear. 

terra  (1),  land. 

terret,  (he)  frightens ;  terrent, 
(they)  frighten;  terretur, 
is  frightened;  terrentur, 
are  frightened. 

terribiles  (from  terribilis,  e,  adj.), 
terrible. 

timens,  fearing. 

tlmet,  he  fears ;  timent,  (they) 
fear. 

timor  (gen.  timoris) ,  fear. 


198 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


tollitque,  and  (he)  lifts,  takes  up. 

tollo  (3) ,  /  take  away. 

torrens  (gen.  torrentis),  torrent, 
brook. 

torreus  (gen.  torrentis,  adj.), 
burning,  as  it  burned. 

totius  (gen.  sing,  of  totus). 

totus,  a,  um,  the  ivhole  (see 
p.  88). 

tractat,  (he)  treats. 

trans  (prep,  with  ace.) ,  across. 

transit,  (he)  crosses;  transe- 
unt,  (they)  cross. 

trecenti,  ae,  a,  three  hundred. 

tredScim,  thirteen. 

trepidus,  a,  urn,  adj.,  excited. 

tres  (see  p.  70) ,  three. 

tribunal,  alis,  tribunal,  throne. 

tricesimus,  a,  um,  num.  adj.,  thir- 
tieth. 

trigintfi,  thirty. 

tristis,  e,  adj.,  sad. 

Troja  (1),  Troy. 

triidit,  pushes. 

tu  (p.  80),  you  (of  one  person). 

tulit,  (he)  took,  perf.  of  fero. 

turn,  then. 

tune,  then. 

turba  (1) ,  a  croivd. 

tuus,  a,  um,  your  (of  one  person). 

U 

ubi,  where  ? 
uncle viginti,  nineteen. 
imdique  (adverb) ,  from  all  sides. 
unus,  a,  um,  num.  adj.,  one  (see 

p.  88). 

urbe  (abl.  of  urbs) . 
urbs  (gen.  urbis),  city. 
ursus  (2),  a  bear. 
usu,from  the  use. 
usus  (gen.  usus,  abl.  usu),  use, 

experience. 


U 

ut,  adv.  and  conj.,  as;  that,  in 

ordeftlmt,  so  that. 
uter,  a,  am,  adj.  (see   p.   88), 

which  ?  '  (of  two) . 
utilis,  e,  adj.,  useful. 
utinam  (adverb),  would  that,  O 

that,  I  wish  that. 
uxor  (gen.  uxoris),  wife. 


valeo  (2) ,  7am  well ;  vale,  fare- 
well, good-bye  (to  one  per- 
son) ;  valete,  farewell,  good- 
bye (to  more  than  one  per- 
son). 

valid  us,  a,  um,  adj.,  strong. 

vallis  (gen.  vallis),  valley. 

vallum  (2) ,  a  rampart. 

vastat,  (he)  lays  ivaste ;  vas- 
tant,  (they]  lay  waste. 

vasto  (1),  lay  waste. 

vastus,  a,  um,  adj.,  vast. 

vectig-al  (gen.  vectigalis),  a  tax. 

vel,  conj.,  or. 

velut,  like,  as  if. 

v&nio,  I  co?ne ;  veni,  I  have  come, 
I  came. 

venit,  (he)  comes;  veniunt, 
(they)  come. 

venter  (gen.  ventris),  the  stom- 
ach, belly. 

ventus  (2) ,  the  wind. 

verbum  (2),  a  word. 

vero  (adverb),  however. 

vertunt,  (they)  turn. 

verus,  a,  um,  adj.,  true,  just. 

vesper!  (adv.  from  vesper),  in 
the  evening. 

vester,  tra,  trum,  your  (of  more 
than  one  person) . 

vestis  (gen.  vestis),  clothing; 
vestes,  clothes. 


Latin-English  Dictionary. 


199 


vestiuntur,    they     are     clothed, 

clothe  themselves. 
vi  (abl.  of  vis),  with  force,  might. 
via  (1),  way,  path,  road,  course. 
viator  (gen.  viatoris) ,  a  traveller. 
vibro  (1),  I  brandish. 
vicmus,  a,  um,  adj.,  neighbouring. 
victima  (1) ,  a  victim. 
victoria  (1),  victory. 
victus,  a,  um,  conquered. 
videns,  seeing. 
video,  I  see. 
vldet,  (he)  sees ;  vident,  (they) 

see. 

videor  (2),  seem. 
videtur,  seems;  videntur,  are 

seen,  seem. 
vigeo  (2),  I  flourish. 
viginti  (indeclinable),  twenty. 
villa  (1),   a   country-house   (do- 

mus,  a  town-housed). 
vincio  (4) ,  vinxT,  vinctum,  I  bind. 
vincit,  he  conquers. 
vinco  (3)  (perf.  vici),  I  conquer. 
vinculum  (2) ,  a  chain. 
vindico  (1),  I  punish. 
vir  (gen.  viri),  a  man;  the  word 

is  only  used  in  praise,  e.g. 

bonus    vir;     "all   men"   is 

oranes  homines. 


virtus  (gen.  virtutis),  bravery, 
courage,  virtue. 

vis  (abl.  vi) ,  force,  strength. 

vita  (1),  life. 

vitis  (gen.  vitis),  a  vine. 

vitrum  (2),  ivoad  (a  plant  used 
for  dyeing). 

vivo  (3),  I  live. 

vivunt,  (they)  live. 

vix,  scarcely. 

voco  (1),  I  call. 

Volsci  (2),  the  Volscians. 

volucris,  is,  a  bird. 

volumen  (gen.  voluminis) ,  coil. 

voluptas  (gen.  voluptatis) ,  pleas- 
ure. 

volvitur,  is  whirled. 

v5s,  you  (plural  of  tu). 

vox  (gen.  vocis),  voice. 

vulgo  (adv.),  generally,  com- 
monly, mostly. 

vulneratus,  a,  um,  ivounded. 

vulneribus  (abl.  plur.  of  vulnus), 
with  lapidum,  by  the  wounds 
inflicted  by  the"  stones. 

vulnus  (gen.  vulne'ris) ,  wound. 

vult,  he  ivishes. 

vultus  (4),  look,  expression. 


ENGLISH-LATIN   DICTIONARY. 


Obs.  A  .figure  after  a  word  denotes  the  declension  or  conjugation 

to  which  it  belongs. 
Obs.   The  letters  M,  F,  N  in  small  capitals  refer  to  the  gender. 


able,  is  able,  pdtest;  are  able, 

possunt. 
absent,  is  absent,   abest ;    are 

absent,  absunt. 
active,  impiger,  impigra,  impi- 

grum. 
adorn,     (he)     adorns,     ornat ; 

(they)  adorn,  drnant. 
adversity,    res    adversae    (i.e. 

adverse  things), 
advise,  moneo  (2). 
affair,  res  (5) ,  F. 
again,  iterum ;  again  and  again, 

iterum  atque  iterum. 
Alexander,     Alexander     (gen. 

Alexandrl} . 

alive,  to  be,  vlvere  (3). 
all,  omnis,  omne. 
alone,  solus  (gen.  solius,  p.  88). 
already,  jam. 
also,  etlam ;  not  only  —  but  also, 

non  solum  —  sed  etiam. 
always,  semper. 
ambassador,  legdtus  (2). 
ancestors,  mdjores. 
ancient,  antlquus,  a,  um. 
and,  et,  -que.     ("  Brothers  and 

sisters,"   for   instance,  may 

be  either  frdtres  et  sorores, 

or  frdtres  sororesque.) 
200 


animal,  animal,  N.  (p.  33). 
announce  (to),  nuntidre. 
another,  alias  (see  p.  88). 
approach,  advent  us  (4). 
are  (they) ,  sunt. 
arms,  anna,  drum,  N. 
army,  exercitus  (4),  M. 
arrival,  adventus  (4),  M. 
ask,  rogo  (1). 
ask  for,    (he)   asks  for,  petit; 

(they)  ask  for,  petunt. 
asleep  (to  be),  dormlre. 
assemble,    convenio    (4),    ire, 

veni,  ventum. 

assist  (to) ,  adesse  (with  dative) . 
at    Athens,    Athenis    (locative 

case) . 

Athens,  Athenae. 
at  once,  statim. 
attack,  impetus  (4),  M. 
await  (to),  exspectdre. 
away  (to  be) ,  abesse. 

B 

bad,  mains,  a,  um. 
beautiful,     pulcher,    pulchra, 

pulchrum. 
before,   pro    (preposition   with 

the  ablative) . 


English-Latin  Dictionary. 


201 


B 

beseech,  obsecrd  (1). 
best,  optimus,  a,  um. 
better  (adj.) ,  melior,  us ;  (adv.) , 

melius. 
bid,    (he)    bids,  jubet;    (they) 

bid,  jubent. 
big,  mdgnus,  a,  um. 
bird,  avis,  gen.  avis,  F. 
black,  niger,  nigra,  nigrum. 
blame,     (he)    blames,    culpat ; 

(they)  blame,  culpant. 
body,  corpus  (gen.  corpdris),  N. 
bold,  auddx  (see  p.  48). 
book,  liber  (gen.  librl),  M. 
both,  et. 
boy,  p uer  (2). 
brave,  fortis  (see  p.  46). 
bravely ,fortiter ;  more  bravely, 

fortius;  most  bravely,  /or- 

tissitnc. 

bridge,  pons,  pontis,  M. 
broad,  ftzfrw,  a,  um. 
brother,  f  rater  (gen.  sing,  frd- 

tris,  gen.  plur./rairurti). 
build,    (he)    builds,    aedificat ; 

(they)  build,  aedificant. 
burden,  dnus  (gen.  on$ris},  N. 
bust,  imago  (gen.  imdginis),  F. 
but,  sed. 
by ;   by  a  person,  a  or.  ab   (ab 

always  before  a  vowel) ,  with 

the  ablative ;  by  a  thing,  the 

ablative  without  d  or  ab. 


camp,  castra  (2),  N.,  plural. 
can,  (he)  can,p#/,es£;  (they)  can, 

possunt;    (he)    cannot,    non 

potest. 

capital,  caput  (gen.  capitis),  N. 
carry  (to) ,  portdre. 
cavalry,     equites     (plural     of 

eques,  a  horseman). 


C 

celebrated,  cldrus,  a,  um. 
certain,  certus,  a,  um. 
character,    mores    (plural    of 

mds),  M. 

charge,  impetus  (4),  M. 
charm,   (he)  charms,  delectat ; 

(they)  charm,  delectant. 
Cicero,    Cicero     (gen.     Cicero- 

nis) . 

citizen,  clvis  (gen.  cms) ,  M. 
city,  urbs  (gen.  urbis) ,  F. 
clear,  cldrus,  a,  um. 
cloud,  nubes  (gen.  nubis),  F. 
coast,  lltus  (gen.  lltoris) ,  N. 
cold,  frlgus  (gen.  frlgdris) ,  N. 
colour,  color  (gen.  coloris) ,  M. 
come,  (he)  comes,  venit;  (they) 

come,  veniunt. 
come  back,   (he)  comes  back, 

redit ;     (they)    come    back, 

redeunt. 

come  together  (to),  convenlre. 
conquer,   vinco,  ere,  vlci,  vic- 

tum. 
consider,   is  considered,   habe- 

tur ;  are  considered,  haben- 

tur. 

content,  contentus,  a,  um. 
conversation,  sermo  (gen.  ser- 

monis),  M. 

country,  patria,  ae,  F. 
courage,   virtus  (gen.  virtutis, 

fern.) . 

cowardly,  Igndvus,  a,  um. 
cross,     (he)     crosses,    transit; 

(they)  cross,  trdnseunt ;  that 

they    may    cross,    trdnseant 

(pres.  subj.). 

D 

daring,  auddx  (see  p.  48). 
dart,  telum,  N. 


202 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


D 

day,  dies  (masc.,  see  p.  59) ; 
every  day,  cotidie ;  to-day, 
hddie. 

deaf,  surdus,  a,  um. 

dear,  cams,  a,  um. 

death,  mors  (gen.  mortis),  F. 

December,  December,  bris, 
bre;  in  the  month  of  De- 
cember, mense  Decembrl. 

decorate,  (he)  decorates,  drnat; 
(they)  decorate,  drnant. 

defeat,  (he)  defeats,  superat ; 
(they)  defeat,  superant ;  are 
defeated,  superantur. 

delight,  (it)  delights,  delectat ; 
(they)  delight,  delectant. 

demand,  postulo  (1). 

desire  (I),  cupid  (4),  ivl,  Hum. 

despise  (I) ,  contemno  (3) . 

different,  dissimilis,  e. 

difficult,  difficilis,  difficile  (for 
the  comparison,  see  p.  66). 

diligence,  dlligentia,  F. 

distant  (is),  abest;  are  distant, 
absunt. 

do,  ago,  f acid. 

draw  up  (I),  instruo  (3). 

drive,  (he)  drives,  agit;  (they) 
drive,  agunt. 

E 

ear,  auris  (gen.  auris),  F. 

easy,  facilis,  facile  (for  the 
comparison,  see  p.  66). 

easily,  facile. 

eighteen,  ilndeviginti. 

elder,  ndtu  major  (i.e.  greater 
by  birth). 

elephant,  elephds,  antis;  also 
elephantus,  i.  The  first  form 
is  usual  in  nom.  case,  the 
second  in  other  cases. 


E 

embassador,  legdtus,  I. 
enemy,  hostis  (gen.  host  is) ;  the 

enemy,  hostes  (plural). 
enormous,  ingens  (gen.  ingen- 

tis,  abl.  ingenti). 
evening  (in  the) ,  vesperi. 
every,  omnis,  e. 
everybody,   omnes    (plural   of 

omnis) . 

every  4ay,  cotidie. 
exhort,   hortor    (1),    deponent 

verb,   (passive  form,   active 

meaning). 
expect  (to),  exspectdre. 


faithful,  fldus,  a,  um. 
famous,  cldrus  a,  um. 
far,  by  far,  longe ;  is  far  off, 

lonr/e    abest;    are    far    off, 

longe  absunt. 
farewell,  to  one  person,  vale; 

to  more  than  one,  valete. 
farther,  longius;  farthest,  (or) 

very  far,  longissime. 
fast,  celer,  celeris,  celere. 
father,  pater  (gen.  sing,  patris, 

gen.  plur.  patrum) . 
fault,  to  find  fault  with,   cul- 

pdre. 
fear,  (he)  fears,  timet;    (they) 

fear,  timent. 
few,  panel,  ae,  a. 
fifty,  quinqudgintd. 
fight  (1),  pug  no  (1). 
fleet,  cldssis  (gen.  cldssis),  F. 
flight  (I  put  to) ,  fugo  (1) . 
flower,  fids  (gen.  floris). 
foot,  pes  (gen.  pedis) ;   "  foot  " 

is  an  adjective  in  foot-forces, 

copiae    pedestres    (pedestert 

pedestris,  pedestre). 


English-Latin  Dictionary. 


203 


forces,  copiae,  plural,  F. 
fortify  (I) ,  munio  (4) ,  (Ivi,  itum). 
frequent,    creber,   crebra,   cre- 

brum. 

friend,  amlcus  (2) ,  M. 
frighten,  (he)  frightens,  terret 

(2) ;  (they)  frighten,  terrent  ; 

is  frightened,  terretur ;  are 

frightened,  terrentur. 
from,  a  or  ab  (with  abl.) 
full,  plenus,  a,  um. 
furnish  (to) ,  orndre. 


G 

garden,  hortus  (2),  M. 

general,  imperdtor,  oris. 

German,  Germdnus,  a,  urn. 

Germans,  German!. 

girl,  puella  (1) . 

give,    (he)    gives,   dat;    (they) 

give,     dant;    it    is     given, 

datur. 

go,  eo,  Ire,  Ivl  or  il,  itum. 
go  (let  us),  edmus  (pres.  subj.). 
go    out,    (he)    goes    out,   exit; 

(they)  go  out,  exeunt. 
good,  bonus,  a,  um. 
good-bye,  to  one  person,  vale; 

to  more  than  one,  valete. 
great,  mdgnus,  a,  um. 


hand,  manus  (4,  fern.). 
happens  (it) ,  accidit  perf .  acci- 

dit. 

happy,  bedtus,  a,  um. 
harbour,  portus  (4) ,  M. 
has    (2),     habet;     (they)    have 

habent. 
head,  caput  (gen.  capitis),  N. 


H 

hear  (to),  audlre. 

heart,  animus  (2),  M. 

heavy,  yravis,  grave. 

help  (noun),  auxilium,  (2),  N. 

help  (I),  adsum  (ad-sum)  with 

dative. 

her  (see  his), 
high,     altus,    a,    um;    highest 

praise,  summa  laus. 
hill,  collis,  is  (masc.). 
his  is  generally  left  out:  suus 

can  be  used  when    the  his 

means  his  own  (i.e.  when  the 

his  refers  to  the  subject  of 

the  sentence) . 
hold  (2),  teneo. 
hold  the  tongue  (2) ,  taceo. 
home,   (to)   home,  ddmum;  at 

home,    dtimi;    from     home, 

dtimo. 

hope,  spes  (5),  F. 
horn,  cornu,  us,  N. 
horse,  equus*(2). 
horseman,  eques  (gen.  equitis), 

M. 

hour,  hora  (1). 
house,   domus   (4,  fern.,  see  p. 

44). 

how!  quam. 
how  many,   quot   (how  many 

men,  quot  homines). 
how  often  ?  quotiens. 
huge,  ingens  (gen.  ingentis). 


I,  ego  (p.  80). 

ignorant,    I    am    ignorant    of, 

nescio,  (4). 
image,  imago   (gen.    imdginis, 

fern.), 
immediately,  statim. 


204 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


in,  in,  with  the  abl.,  but  "  in 
summer,"  "in  winter,"  etc., 
are  put  in  the  ablative  with- 
out in;  "in  Rome"  is  Ro- 
mae  (see  p.  77,  note). 

in  order  that,  ut. 

in  order  that  not,  ne. 

incite  (to),  incitdre,  (4). 

industrious,  diligens,  entis. 

industry,  dlliyentia  (1). 

inform,  he  informs  Caesar,  Cae- 
sarem  certiorem  facit;  they 
inform  Caesar,  Caesar  em 
certiorem  faciunt  (i.e.  they 
make  Caesar  more  certain) . 

inhabit  (I) ,  incdld  (3) . 

into,  in  (with  ace.). 

is,  est;  is — from,  abest. 

Italy,  Italia  (1). 


January,  Januarius,  I,  M. 
June,  Junius,  I,  M. 

K 

keen,  deer,  dcris,  acre  (p.  50). 
kill,  (he)  kills,  interficit ;  (they) 

kill,  interftciunt. 
kind,  g$nus  (gen.  generis) ,  N. 
king1,  rex  (gen.  regis) ,  M. 
know   (I) ,   scio  (4)  ;   I   do   not 

know,  nescio. 
known,  notus,  a,  um. 


lame,  claudus,  a,  um. 

land,  ager  (gen.  agrl),  M. 

large,  mdgnus,  a,  um. 

lay  waste,    (he)     lays    waste, 

vastat ;    (they)    lay    waste, 

vastant. 


lazy,  piger,  pigra,  pigrum. 

lead,  (he)  leads,  ducit ;  (they) 
lead,  ducunt;  lead  out,  edu- 
cit,  e ducunt ;  lead  back,  re- 
ducit,  reducunt. 

leader,  dux  (gen.  duds},  M. 

left,  sinister,  sinistra,  sinistrum. 

legion,  legio  (gen.  legionis,  fern.). 

letter,  epistula  (1). 

liberty,  llbertds,  dtis  (fern.) 

life,  vita  (1). 

lig-htning,  fitlgur  (gen.  ful (ju- 
ris) ,  N  ;  flashes  of  lightning, 
fulgura. 

like,  similis,  simile  (superl.  si- 
millimus). 

likeness,  imago  (gen.  imdginis, 
fern.) . 

listen  to,  audio  (4). 

little,  parvus,  a,  um. 

live  (I),  vivo,  vlvere,  vlxl,  vlc- 
tum. 

long  (adjective),  longus,  a,  um; 
(adverb),  for  a  long  time, 
diu;  for  longer,  diutius;  for 
very  long,  diutissime. 

lord,  domlnus  (2). 

loud,  mdgnus,  a,  um. 

love,  (he)  loves,  amat ;  (they) 
love,  amant;  is  loved,  awa- 
iwr;  are  loved,  amantur. 

M 

make,  /' 'acid,  facer  e,feci,factum. 
man,   7iomo   (gen.   hdminis) ;   a 

(good)  man,  vir  (gen.  v?rz). 
manner,  ?nos  (gen.  mdris) ,  M. 
many,  multl,  ae,  a. 
master,     of    pupils,    magister 

(gen.     magistrl) ,    (2) ;      of 

slaves,  dominus  (2). 
matter,  res  (5) ,  F. 


English-Latin  Dictionary. 


205 


M 

me,  me  (p.  80). 

merchant,  mercdtor  (gen.  mer- 
cdtdris),  M. 

message,  nuntius  (2),  M. 

messenger,  nuntius  (2) ,  M. 

middle,  medius,  a,  um;  in  the 
middle  of  summer,  media 
aestdte  (i.e.  in  middle  sum- 
mer). 

mile,  mllle  passus  (see  p.  70). 

milk,  lac  (gen.  lactis). 

mind,  animus  (2),  M. 

mindful,  memor  (gen.  memd- 
ris) . 

mine,  meus,  a,  um. 

money,  pecunia  (1). 

month,  mensis  (gen.  mensis, 
masc.). 

morning  (in  the) ,  mane. 

mother,  mater  (gen.  sing,  md- 
tris,  gen.  plur.  mdtrum). 

mound,  agger  (gen.  aggeris),w. 

much  (by),  multo. 

much,  multus,  a,  um. 

multitude,  multitude  (gen.mul- 
titudinis,  fern.). 

my,  meus,  «,  um  (vocative, 
ml). 


N 

name,  nomen  (gen.  nominis),  N. 
neither  —  nor,  neque  —  neque. 
never,  nunquam. 
night,  nox    (gen.    sing,   noctis, 

gen.  plur.  noctium) ,  F. 
nineteen,  undeviginti. 
no,  nullus,  a,  um.    See  p.  88. 
nobody,  nemo,  inis.    (Use  nul- 

lius  for  gen.  and  nullo  for 

abl.) 
not,  nan. 


N 

nothing,  nihil  (neut.  indeclina- 
ble). 
now,  nunc. 
number,  numerus  (2). 


O,  O  that !  utinam. 

oak,  quercus  (4,  fern.). 

obey,  par eo  (2). 

obtain,  acqulrd  (3),  slvl,  sltum. 

of,  informs  some  one  of,  de. 

off,  is  —  off,  abest. 

often,  saepe. 

old,  of  things,  antlquus,  a,  um  ; 

'of  people,  two    (etc.)    years 

old,  duos  (etc.)  annos  ndtus ; 

older,   ndtu    major;    oldest, 
.  ndtu  mdximus. 
old  man,  senex  (gen.  sing,  senis, 

gen.  plur.  senum) . 
on,  in  (with  abl.) . 
on  to,  in  (with  ace.). 
once,  at  once,  statim. 
one,  unus,  a,  um  (gen.  unlus, 

p.  88). 
only,  solus,  a,  um  (see  p.  88) ; 

(adv.)  solum. 
oration,  ordtio  (gen.  ordtionis, 

fern.) . 

orator,  orator  (gen.  orator  is) . 
order,  (he)  orders,  jubet;  (they) 

order,  jubent. 

other,  alius,  a,  um  (see  p.  88). 
ought  (I),  debed,  (2). 
our,  noster,  nostra,  nostrum. 
out  of  doors,  foris. 
overcome,  (he)  overcomes,  su- 

p$rat;  (they)  overcome,  su- 

perant;  supero  (1). 
owe  (I),  debed,  (2). 
owner,  dominus,  i,  M. 


206 


Shorter  Latin  Course. 


parent,  parens,  entis,  M.  and  F. 
part,  pars  (gen.  par  It's),  F. 
pay,   (he)  pays,  pendit;  (they) 

pay,  pendunt. 
peace,  pax,  pads,  fern, 
perceive,  video  (2),  vldl,  vlsum. 
place,  pond  (3),posia,  positum. 
pleasant,  grains,  a,  um ;  dulcis,  e. 
please,    (it)    pleases,    delectat ; 

(they)  please,  deleciant. 
poem,  poema  (gen.  poematis) ,  N. 
poet,  poeta  (1). 
poor,  pauper  (gen.  paup&ris) . 
post  (I),  colldco  (1). 
praise,  laus  (gen.  laudis),  F. 
praise,    (he)    praises,    laudat  ; 

(they)  praise,  laudant. 
present  (I  am),  adsum. 
preserve,  servo  (1). 
pretty,  pulcher,  a,  um. 
prevent,  prohibeo  (2). 
prosperity,  res  secundae. 
prow,  prora  (1). 
punish  (I),punio  (4). 
pupil,  discipulus  (2). 
put  to  flight  (I),/w//o  (1). 


Q 

queen,  reglna  (1). 

quick,  cefer,  celeris,  celere  (p. 

51). 
quietly,  quiete. 


rampart,  agger  (gen.  agger  is}, 

M. 
read,    (he)     reads,     %«;    (3) 

(they)  read,  legunt. 
reign  (I),  re.7?ici  (i). 


R 

remain,    (he)  remains,  manei; 

(they)  remain,  maneni. 
rest  (the),  c^eri. 
return,     (he)     returns,    redit  ; 

(they)  return,  redeunt. 
reward,  praemium,  N. 
rich,  dives  (gen.  dlvltis). 
riches,  dlvitiae,  drum. 
right,  dexter,  dextra,  dextrum. 
river,  flumen  (gen.  flumlnis) ,  N. 
Roman,  Romanus,  a,  um. 
room,  conclave  (gen.  concldvis) , 

N. 

rose,  rdsa  (1). 
royal,  regius,  a,  um. 
rush,  impetus  (4) ,  M. 

S 

sad,  trlstis,  triste. 
said,  is  said,  dlcitur ;  are  said, 
tftcunttir. 

sailor,  nauta  (1). 

same,  ide?>i  (p.  84). 

satisfied,  contentus,  a,  um. 

save,  conserve  (1). 

say,  (he)  says,  dicit;  (they)  say, 

diwtnt ;  (he)  is  said,  dlcitur; 

(they)  are  said,  dlcuntur. 
scarcely,  vix. 
sea,  mare  (gen.  mans),  N. 
see,  (he)  sees,  videt;  (they)  see, 

vident. 
seek,  (he)  seeks,  petit;   (they) 

seek,  petunt. 
seem,     (he)     seems,     videtur ; 

(they)  seem,  videntur. 
seen,     (he)    is    seen,    videtur  ; 

(they)  are  seen,  videntur. 
send,  (he)  sends,  mittit;  (they) 

send,  mittunt. 
seventeen,  septendecim. 
seventh,  septimus,  a,  um. 


English-Latin  Dictionary. 

s  s 


207 


sharp,  acutus,  a,  um. 

ship,  ndvis  (gen.  ndvis),  F. 

shore,  lltus  (gen.  litdris),  N. 

short,  brevis,  breve. 

shout,  clamor  (gen.  cldmoris) ,  M. 

shouting1,     clamor     (gen.    da- 

moris),  M. 

shrill,  acutus,  a,  i«m. 
silent  (lam),  taceo  (2). 
sing,     (he)     sings,     cam'£     (3) ; 

(they)  sing,  canunt. 
sister,  soror  (gen.  sororis). 
six  hundred,  sescenti,  ae,  a. 
slave,  serviis  (2). 
sleep  (I),  dormid  (4). 
small,  parvifs,  a,  um. 
so, (with  adj.)  tarn;  ita. 
so  great,  tantus,  a,  um. 
so  that,  ut. 
so  that  not,  ut  non. 
soldier,  miles  (gen.  militis). 
some  —  others,  alii  —  alii. 
some  day,  aliquando  (adv.). 
sometimes,  inter dum  (adv.). 
son,filius  (2). 

song,  carmen  (gen.  carminis) ,  N. 
soon,  mox. 
speech,  drdtio   (gen.  ordtionis, 

fern.), 
spirited,    deer,   dcris,  acre    (p. 

50). 

spur,  calcar  (gen.  calcaris),  N. 
station  (to),  collocdre  (1). 
stay,  (he)  stays,  manet;  (they) 

stay,  manent. 
steer  (I),  rego(S). 
stream,    flumen    (gen.    flumi- 

nis),  N. 

studiously,  studiose. 
sum  of  money,  peciima  (1). 
summer,  aestds  (gen.  aestdtis), 


surround,  (he)  surrounds,  cir- 
cumdat ;  (they)  surround, 
circumdant. 

sweet,  dulcis,  dulce. 


table,  mensa  (1). 

take  care,  curd  (1). 

talk,  sermo  (gen.  sermonis],  M. 

tax,  vectlgal  (gen.  vectlgdlis) ,  N. 

teach,  erudio  (4). 

teacher,  magister,  trl. 

tell,  (ZFco  (3),  dzxz,  dictum. 

territory,  /mes  (plur.  of  finis) , 

'M. 

that,  conj.,  ut. 

that  not,  ne  ;  (after  expressions 

of  doubt)  qum. 
that,  pron.,  is,  ea,  id;  Hie,  ilia, 

illud  (pp.  83-4). 
their,  situs,  a,  um. 
thing,  res  (5). 
thirteen,  tredecim. 
thirty,  trigintd. 
this,  hie,  haec,  hoc  (p.  82). 
throw,     (he)      throws,     jacit; 

(they)    throw,   jaciunt;    of 

missiles,  mitto  (3). 
time,  tempus  (gen.  temptiris),  N. 
tired,  fessus,  a,  um. 
to,  meaning  motion  to,  ad  with 

ace.,  but  "to  Rome"  is  Ro- 

mam,  and  "  (to)   home  "  is 

domum. 
to-day,  hddie. 
to-morrow,  eras, 
tongue,   to    hold    the   tongue, 

tacere. 
top,  the  top  of  the  oak,  summa 

quercus. 
town,  oppidum,  i,  N. 


208 


Sliorter  Latin  Course. 


troops,  cdpiae  (plur.)  M. 
trouble,  res  adrersae. 
true,  verus,  a,  um. 

U 

uncertain,  incertus,  a,  um. 
unfortunate,  miser,  a,  um. 
unhappy,  miser,  misera,  mise- 

rum. 
unlike,     dissimilis,     dissimile; 

superl.  dissimillimus. 
unmindful,  immZmor  (gen.  im- 

memdris) . 
urge,    (he)    urges    on,   incitat; 

(they)  urge  on,  incitant. 
useful,  utilis,  utile. 


vain,  in  vain,  friistrd. 
victory,  victoria  (1). 
virtue,  virtus  (gen.  rirtutis),  fern, 
voice,  vox  (gen.  vocis),  F. 

W 

wait  for  (I),  exspectd  (1). 
war,  bellum,  N  ;  war-ship,  ndvis 

longa. 

warn  (to),  monere. 
waste,  (he)  lays  waste,  vastat  ; 

(they)  lay  waste,  vastant. 
wsive,fluctus  (4),  M. 
we,  nos. 

weighty,  gravis,  grave. 
welcome,  grains,  a,  um. 
well  (I  am),  valeo  (2). 
well  (adj.),  integer,  Integra,  in- 

tegnim. 
what  (interrog.  pronoun),  qids, 

quae,  quid;  (interrog.  adj.) 

qul,  quae,  quod. 


W 

when?  qaando. 

where?  ubi. 

\vhich,    rel.    pron.,    qul,    quae, 

quod.  (Interrog.    pron.,    see 

what.) 

which  (of  two)  ?  uter,  a,  um. 
white,  albus,  a,  um. 
whole,  totus,  a,  um  (see  p.  88). 
why,  cur. 
wide,  Idtus,  a,  um. 
wine,  vlnum  (2),  N. 
wing,    cornu     (of     an     army) 

(4),  N. 

winter,  hiems  (gen.  hiemis),  F. 
wisdom,  sapientia  (1). 
wise,   sapiens   (gen.    sapientis}. 
wish,  (he)  wishes,  cupit ;  (they) 

wish,  ciipiunt. 
witty,  facetus,  a,  um. 
woman,    mulier     (gen.     muli- 

eris) . 

wood,  silva  (1). 
word,  verbum  (2),  N. 
work,  tipus  (gen.  op$ris),  N. 
worse, pejor,  pejus,  gen. pejoris  ; 

worst,  pessimus,  a,  um. 
would  that,  utinam. 
wretched,  miser,  misera,  mi- 
serum. 


year,  annus  (2),  M. 

yesterday,  herl. 

you,  tit  (sing.),  vos  (plur.,  p.  80). 

younger,  ndtu  minor;  young- 
est, ndtii  minimus. 

young  man,  juvtnis  (gen.  sing. 
juvenis,  gen.  plur.  juvenum). 

your,  yours,  of  one,  tuus ;  of 
more  than  one,  vester,  vestra, 
vestrum. 


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and  security  is  thus  got  for  the  foundation  in  Latin  grammar  being  soundly 
laid.  The  book  is  likely  to  become  a  favorite.  .  .  .  The  book  is  admir- 
ably simple  and  practical." 


MACMILLAN   &   CO., 

112  FOURTH   AVENUE,   NEW  YORK. 


CAESAR.  -The  Helvetian  War. 

BY 

W.   WELCH,   M.A.,  and  C.   G.   IJUFFIELJ),  M.A. 

REVISED   FOR  AMERICAN   SCHOOLS   BY 

Prof.    S.    G.    ASHMORE,    L..H.D., 

Selections    from    Book   I.    of    "  The    Gallic  War,"    arranged 

for  the  Use  of  Beginners.     With  Notes, 

Vocabulary,  and  Exercises. 

18mo.    4O  cents. 

Educational  News  :  "  By  far  the  most  remarkable  novelty  in  this 
book  is  the  manner  in  which  the  text  is  arranged  in  the  first  twenty-nine 
chapters.  Teachers,  as  a  rule,  find  a  difficulty  in  initiating  pupils  into 
the  reading  of  Caesar,  which  is,  in  almost  all  cases,  the  first  Latin  author 
read  after  the  accidence  has  been  mastered.  This  difficulty  has,  we 
Venture  to  say,  been  obviated  in  this  book  by  each  sentence  having  a 
separate  line." 


CAESAR.—  The  Invasion  of  Britain. 

Selections   from    Books   IV.   and   V.   of   "The   Gallic   War." 

Adapted  for  the  Use  of  Beginners.     With  Notes, 

Vocabulary,  and  Exercises. 

JStno.     4O  cents. 

BY 
WELCH,  M.A.,   and   C.   G.   DUFFIELD,  M.A. 

REVISED,  WITH  REFERENCES   TO  AMERICAN 
GRAMMARS,  BY 

Prof.  S.  G.  ASHMORE,  L.H.D. 

The  School  Board  Chronicle  says  :  "  Caesar's  Invasion  is  a  very 
useful  combination  of  a  reading  book  and  an  exercise  book  for  beginners. 
It  is  furnished  with  an  excellent  map  of  Britain  as  known  to  the  Romans, 
and  with  two  vocabularies,  —  English  and  Latin,  and  Latin  and  English. 
At  the  beginning  of  each  chapter  is  wisely  given  a  summary  of  the  sense; 
this  will  be  found  a  great  help  to  beginners.  The  notes  are  admirable,  — 
short,  to  the  point,  and  very  practical." 

The  Saturday  Review  says:  "The  notes,  which  deal  chiefly  with 
simple  points  of  syntax,  are  short  and  generally  sufficient." 


MACMILLAN  &  CO., 

112  FOURTH  AVENUE,  NEW  TORE. 


A  COMPANION 


SCHOOL     CLASSICS. 

By  JAMES   GOW,   M.A.,   Litt.D., 

Head  Master  of  the  High  School,  Nottingham.    Late  Fellow  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge. 

Second  Edition,  Revised.    With  Illustrations 
12mo.    $1.75. 

"  By  '  school  classics '  I  mean  classics  with  commentaries  for  use  in 
schools,  and  by  describing  the  book  as  a  '  companion '  to  these,  I  mean 
that  it  attempts  to  give  the  information  which  a  commentator  is,  from 
the  nature  of  his  task,  compelled  to  assume  even  in  a  young  student. 
My  aim  is  to  place  before  a  young  student  a  nucleus  of  well-ordered 
knowledge,  to  which  he  is  to  add  intelligent  notes  and  illustrations  from 
his  daily  reading."  —  From  the  Preface. 

"  Mr.  G-ow  has  presented  a  vast  amount  of  information  in  a  small 
compass;  yet  it  is  so  well  arranged,  and  so  clearly  stated,  that,  notwith- 
standing its  condensation,  it  is  read  with  ease  and  pleasure.  Indeed, 
we  do  not  know  where  to  look  for  so  good  an  account  of  Athenian  and 
Roman  public  affairs  in  a  form  at  once  clear,  concise,  and  full  enough 
for  ordinary  students  as  Mr.  Gow  has  here  given  us."  —  Science. 

"He  has  made  use  of  the  most  recent  authorities,  and  the  young 
student  will  find  the  pith  of  many  books  in  the  space  of  less  than  400 
pages.  .  .  .  Much  of  the  information  would  be  sought  to  no  purpose 
in  the  ordinary  manuals,  and  what  is  given  is  conveyed  in  its  true 
connection."  — Nation. 

"  Excellently  planned  and  admirably  executed.  The  author  —  for  Mr. 
Gow  is  more  than  a  compiler  —  has  had  a  distinct  object  in  view.  He  is 
a  distinguished  student  of  the  classics,  and  he  is  an  eminent  practical 
teacher.  With  such  qualifications,  we  turn  with  confidence  to  a  reliable 
book." — Educational  Times. 


MACM1LLAN   &   CO., 

112   FOURTH   AVENUE,    NEW   YORK. 


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